HNF 150 Final Exam Questions And Answers Complete Study Solutions

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) - Answer-values for carbs, fats and proteins expressed as percentages of total daily calorie intake; ranges of intakes set for the energy-yielding nutrients that are sufficient to provide adequate total energy and nutrients while reducing the risk of chronic diseases. Acid-base balance - Answer-maintenance of the proper degree of acidity in each of the body'd fluids. Adequate Intakes (AI) - Answer-AI's are the nutrient intake goals for individuals set when scientific data is insufficient to establish RDA's. Adipose - Answer-the body's fat tissue, consisting of masses of fat-storing cells and blood vessels to nourish them Anaphylactic shock - Answer-A life threatening whole-body allergic reaction to an offending substance anemia - Answer-severe depletion of iron stores resulting in low blood hemoglobin . Aneurysm - Answer-the ballooning out of an artery wall at a point that is weakened by deterioration. Antibodies - Answer-Large protein molecules that are produced in response to the presence of antigens to inactivate them Antioxidant - Answer--Compounds that protect other compounds from damaging reactions involving oxygen by reacting with oxygen themselves (anti means against, oxy means oxygen/oxidation) -Oxidation is a potentially damaging effect of normal cell chemistry involving oxygen. Artery - Answer-blood vessels that carry blood containing fresh oxygen supplies from the heart to the tissues.Atherosclerosis - Answer-the most common form of CVD; characterized by plaques along the inner walls of the arteries. Balance Study - Answer--A study where the intake and excretion of a nutrient is measured. -Balance studies are only valid for chemical elements (calcium) that do not change while they are in the body. Be able to identify the requirements during pregnancy in terms of energy, protein, carbohydrates, fat, folate, calcium, iron, and zinc, i.e., are they higher or the same? - Answer-Everything increases during pregnancy except calcium, Vit D, Vit K, phosphorous and fluoride requirements stay the same. 300 calories more per day during 2nd and 3rd trimester; 0 more calories during first trimester; iron and folate increase Bile - Answer-a cholesterol-containing digestive fluid made by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine when needed. It emulsified fats and oils to ready them for enzymatic digestion. Bile duct - Answer-tube like structure that carries bile to and from the gallbladder connecting it to the intestine. Bolus - Answer-clot that breaks free and travels Calcium - Answer--Mineralizes bones and teeth, -helps with muscle contraction/relaxation, nerve function and blood clotting; -Deficiency leads to weak bones and stunted growth in children and osteoporosis in adults; -Sources: dairy products, sardines, broccoli, cauliflower, waffles, greens -Most abundant mineral in our body, 99% is stored in bones and teeth Calorie - Answer-it is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a kilogram (a liter) of water by 1 degree Celsius Cholesterol - Answer-a member of the group of lipids known as sterols; a soft, waxy substance made in the body for a variety of purposes and also found in animal-derived foods.Chylomicron - Answer-Lipoprotien formed when lipids from a meal are combined with carrier proteins in the cells of the intestinal lining. Chylomicrons transport food fats through the watery body fluids to the liver and other tissues. Chyme - Answer-fluid resulting from the actions of the stomach upon a meal. Compare and contrast the nutrient differences between whole grains and refined grains and the components of the grain included in each type of food - Answer-Whole grain: have the whole grain in tact. Refined grain: have only the endosperm and less nutrients than whole grains Compare and contrast the physical properties of saturated, polyunsaturated, monounsaturated and trans fatty acids fats - Answer-Saturated fats have many hydrogen bonds to carbons. Unsaturated fats have less hydrogen bonds and fall into the mono and poly sub categories. Trans fats are made in laboratories by hydrogenation Compare the differences between mechanical digestion and chemical digestion and point out where these processes occur along the digestive tract - Answer--Chemical digestion: esophagus, stomach, rectum, anus -Mechanical digestive: Mouth, stomach and intestines Competitive foods - Answer-unregulated meals, including fast foods, that compete side-by-side withe USDA-regulated school lunches Components of the digestive tract - Answer-1. Mouth: mechanical digestion begins, food is shredded by teeth and mashed by tongue 2. esophagus: swallows food with the help of saliva ch: Adds water to the food and holds it as it mashes it into a fine paste -Along the way bile from the liver helps digest fat and the pancreas releases enzymes and bicarbonate to help neutralize acid from stomach 4. small intestine 5. large intestine: Water is absorbed in the large intestine6. rectum: bacteria gets stored until the anus releases it 7. anus: fiber and other undigested food get released here CVD - Answer-disease of the heart and blood vessels; disease of the arteries of the heart is called coronary heart disease (CHD). Daily Values (DI) - Answer-It indicates the amount of a nutrient that is provided by a single serving of a food item. Daily Values are used to establish standards for comparison. Describe Infant Feeding and Toddler Feeding Recommendations for each of the following developmental stages: 0-6 months, 5-7 months, 6-8 months, 7-10 months, 9-12 months, 1-2 years - Answer-1. 0-6 months should be strictly breast milk or formula 2. 4-7 months: iron-fortified rice cereal with breastmilk or formula and can start introducing small quantities of new foods. 3. 6-8 months: breast milk/formula still staple food, mashed fruits and vegs, offer formula or water in a cup; 4. 8-10 months; Begin finger foods, introduce slowly at a time to check for food allergies 5. 10-12 months: include breads and cereals from table, in addition to infant cereal; soft cut Describe the calcium paradox - Answer-US has the HIGHEST calcium consumption in the world and also the HIGHEST rate of osteoporosis. Africa has lowest calcium consumption and lowest rate of osteoporosis (Vitamin D, exercise, sunshine, dairy and animal protein intake lower in Africa) Describe the lipid transportation and differences in the lipoproteins in the blood. - Answer-Chylomicron is a bus which carries fat. All fat goes onto chylomicron and goes through the mymph to the blood and drops off fat all over the body. Then it enters the liver where the bus gets broken down into other things. Smaller lipoprotein packages such as VLDL, LDL, and HDL are like taxi cabs. VLDL and LDL drop off fat from the liver to the rest of the body. HDL picks up fat from arteries and other places in the body and return it back to the liver