Neuroscience: Cognitive - Exam 1 Questions & Answers Already Passed!!

_____ emphasizes existence of face neurons - prosopagnosia _________ restrict incoming light so that waves can only come from one direction per point - pinhole cameras 2 key challenges in CNS - how does brain process information how does neural tissue carry out cognition a ______ space in the world can result in a _____ point of light landing on the film - single A/D: intracranial stimulation - A: can provide rather specific neural perturbation D: mostly limited to animals and rare clinical circumstances, in humans clinical concerns, limited locations that can be stimulated A/D: naturally occurring lesions - A: can strongly implicate a region as being essential for a task, occur naturally D: not specific to functional areas, no temp. resolution, still need double dissociation A/D: TMS - A: advantages of lesions, but transient and noninvasive, with a single shot can get some temporal resolution D: only superficial cortex, not very focused, stimulates other areas nearby and above the target area, uncomfortable, rTMS is not safe Accommodation - *degree of strain on lens* - monocular cues - controlled by ciliary muscle - can only be used in one meterAccommodation and Convergence are the only two that can calculate ______ - distance advantages of direct neuron recording - - high temporal resolution (ms) - high spatial resolution (single neurons!) - allows for recording of individual neurons advantages of disruption methods - - reveals brain areas that are necessary for the function - double dissociations provide strong evidence for separable processes advantages of EEG & MEG - Non-invasive High temporal resolution (milliseconds) advantages of fMRI - - Non-invasive - Can examine activity across the whole brain - Moderately good spatial resolution (millimeters) all measures of brain activity are either directly or indirectly related to... - neural firing - directly: electrical recording from single neurons - indirectly: changes in blood oxygenation (fMRI) Allocentric - relative to something in the world Alternative Hypotheses for FFA - - If FFA is truly face selective, it should respond more to faces than to hands, which are other body parts that move. IT DOES. - If FFA is truly face selective, it should respond more to faces than to hands even when subjects perform a "1-back task" to maintain attention. It does. - If FFA is truly face selective, it should respond more to faces than scrambled faces with the same lowlevel visual features (e.g. luminance, contrast)amygdala - emotion and some memory formation apperceptive agnosia - Failure in basic perceptual processing Particularly evident when stimuli are degraded or noisy or shown from unusual viewpoints - Need a full resolution of image - DORSAL lesions