Cog Neuro CSU Midterm 1 Questions And Answers | 2024 Latest Study Solutions

A single unit is defined as a single, firing neuron whose spike potentials are distinctly isolated by a recording microelectrode. The ability to record signals from neurons is centered around the electric current flow through the neuron. - Answer-single unit recording? Are lesion techniques primarily anatomical or functional? - Answer-We can't use temporal resolution because weoften times do not have a before or after Be able to identify typical data presentations of the techniques listed above. Such as graphs image etc. - AnswerChapter 1: Is cognitive neuroscience the new phrenology? - Answer-phrenology: the failed idea that individual deifferences in cognition cna be mapped on to differences in skull shape This formed the idea within cognitive neuroscience of funcitonal specialiation: meaning different regions of the brain are specialized for different functions Chapter 1: What is the mind-body problem and what frameworks have been put forward to solve it? - Answer-The problem of how a physical substance the brain can give rise to our sensations or the "mind" dual aspect theory: the belief that mind and brain are two levvels of the descriptions of the same thing reductionism: the belief that mind-based concepts will eventually be replaced by neuroscientific concepts Chapter 3: How do neurons code information? - Answer-rate coding: the informational content of a neuron may be related to the number of action potentials per second temporal coding: the synchrony of firing may be used by a population of neurons to code the same stimulus or eventChapter 3: What have electrophysiological studies contributed to our understanding of how faces are represented and processed by the brain? - Answer-Neurons in the temporal corext of monkeys respond to certain faces. Ex: grandmother cell, there is only one cell that reponds to a picture of your grandmother. Chapter 3: What is an event related potential (or ERP) and how can it be used to inform theories of cognition? - Answer--The average amount of change in voltage at the scalp that are linked to the timing of particular cognitive events - Basically, it informs us on how different cognitive processes can be effected through timing Chapter 4: • What are the physiological processes that underpin fMRI? What determines the spatial and temporal resolution of this methods? - Answer-fMRI is based on hemodynamics, or how blood flows through the brain. Blood flows to active regions of the brain. The temporal resolution is low because of the speed of the movement of blood in comparison to electrical signals. Spatial resolution is better than EEGs and MEGs because Spatial resolution is determined by voxel size. chapter 4: Could functional imaging be used in lie detection? Could it be used to read someone else's thoughts and feelings? - Answer-Yes. Patterns of activity can tell us with 96% accuracy what a person is seeing, thinking about, etc. However, when it comes to lying, there is no specific region of the brain that tell us someone is lying. It's more about understanding the function of areas. Chapter 4: if a brain region is shown to be"active" in a given task, does it mean that this region is critical for performing the task? If not, why not? - Answer-Blood flows to both excited and inhibited regions of the brain. Both are active, however, inhibited regions of the brain are not critical for performing a task. Chapter 4: Is functional imaging ever likely to completely replace lesion methods for informing theories of cognition? - Answer-No, because lesion methods often conflict with functional imaging. Lesion methods show us whether a region of the brain is critical for functioning, while functional imaging only shows us /if/ it is used in a process and why, not whether it has to be used. Chapter 4: What is meant by the method of "cognitive subtraction" in functional imaging research? What problems does this method face? - Answer-look at difference for stimuli versus baselineChapter 5: • What assumptions must one accept to be able to draw inferences about normal cognition from adults with brain damage? Are these assumptions plausible? - Answer-the fractionation assumption (damage to the brain can produce selective cognitive lesions) the transparency assumption (lesions do not result in a completely new cognitive system), universality assumption (all cognitive systems are identical); these assumptions are all somewhat plausible depending most on the situation; for example, the transparency assumption is most problematic because the brain is very plastic (therefore this assumption stands true much more in the case of brain damage acquired in adulthood versus childhood) Chapter 5: Compare and contrast lesion methods arising from organic brain damage with TMS. - AnswerTMS: can be used to detmine timing of cognition, lesions can be moved within the same participant, and we can stuy functional integration Organic Lesions over TMS: subcortical lesions can be studied, lesions can be accuratley localized with MRI, changes in behavior and cognition are more apparemt Chapter 5: Critically evaluate the role of group studies in neuropsychological research. - Answer-Group studies can tell us if a given region is needed to preform a task Single studies are argued for because of the specificity of the individual brain- especially lesions chapter 5: How have TMS and tDCS studies contributed to our knowledge of brain plasticity? - Answerusing magnetic fields and electricity you can spark cells to become alive again and change brain function. Allow us to correct brain damage. chapter 5: What are the advantages and disadvantages of using single cases to draw inferences about normal cognitive functioning? - Answer-advantages: single case studies constitute valid data with which to test, amend, and develop theory; particular cases CAN be generalized to normal cognition, but not as easily to another single caseDISadvantages: one cannot create a theory based on a single case ERP components: N and P - Answer-N or P : negative or positiveNumbers can mean different things:1, 2, 3: The first, second, or third deflection300, 200: milliseconds after the stimulus / time lock fcMri - Answer--cFMRI = intrinsic functional connectivity FMRI -Use of resting state scans in "big data" analyses How is the spatial and temporal resolution for CT - Answer-spatial: Poor contrast between gray and white matter Good contrast between brain, CSF, skull, blood temporal: not good How is the spatial and temporal resolution for EEG - Answer-Spatial: poor Temporal: great! How is the spatial and temporal resolution for ERP - Answer-spatial: not good temporal: very very good! How is the spatial and temporal resolution for fMRI - Answer-spatial: .5-1 great! temporal: imitations inherent to the hemodynamic response function and sampling rate. Best is approximately 1 s resolution. How is the spatial and temporal resolution for fNIRS - Answer-spatial: Dependent on number and location of sensors; also limited to surface structures of the brain temporal: NIRS is better than fMRI: faster sampling and more sensitive to faster oxygenation changes. 100 ms resolution.How is the spatial and temporal resolution for MEG - AnswerHow is the spatial and temporal resolution for MRI) anatomical) - Answer--good contrast between gray and white matter -video: coronal and sagital slices How is the spatial and temporal resolution for PET - Answer-spatial: great! 3-4mm temporal: very bad because you need serveral minutes in between scans How is the spatial and temporal resolution for single unit recording? - Answer-Spatial: Great! Temporal: Also great! How is the spatial and temporal resolution for TMS - Answer-spatial: 1-10 cm; no sharp border for stimulation temporal: Milliseconds for actual stimulation, though secondary effects can last for minutes to hours. How is the spatial and temporal resolution for VBM - AnswerHow is the spatial and temporal resolution for VLSM - Answer-Spatial resolution: like other MR, 1-3 mmTemporal resolution: like other lesion methods Is CT primarily anatomical or functional? - Answer-anatomical Is DTI primarily anatomical or functional? - Answer-functional