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Summary Topic 2 Cells - AQA A-level Biology notes

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June 7, 2024
Number of pages
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Written in
2023/2024
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r animal plant algal fungal

Structure of eukaryotic cells has nucleus




CVC
r nocentrioles

,Organelles animal plant


nucleolus
Nucleus
chromatin

contains all geneticmaterial of cell
poggenuclearpores
nuclearmembrane
that code for proteins envelope


nucleolus makesrRNA t assembles ribosomes


doublemembraned t hasnuclearpores let ribosomes RNAmove out

chromatin DNAassociated with histone proteins




Ribosomes site of proteinsynthesis
largesubnet


py
0 in eukaryotes 70s inprokaryotes mitochondria

found free in cytoplasm t on RER
smallsubunit
large t small subunits made of rRNA proteins




Lysosomes vesicle that contains a hydrolytic enzyme


Singlemembraned

breaksdown deadcells in autolysis
releases enzymes in exocytosis
digests damaged organelles toreuseusefulparts

,Mitochondria site of aerobicresp toprovideATPfor cells

doublemembraned innermembrane folded into cristae more SA for ARenzyme
matrix get like has ARenzymes lipids 70s ribosomes circularDNA
derived fromprokaryotes 70s ribosomes circularDNA same propertiesas
prokaryotic

cristae



was
matrix




Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum RER
ribosome
continuous withnuclearmembrane

cisternae flattened fluidfilled sacs called cisternae


nucleus



largeSA moreribosomes for moreproteinsynthesis
RERitself folds polypeptides

polypeptide thentravelsdowncisternae membranebudsoff toformvesiclevesicletransports
protein to golgi formodificationthenvesicle thenexocytosis



SmoothEndoplasmicReticulum

3
cisternae



moretubularthanRER noribosomes notcontinuous wi nucleus
SST stores synthesiser transports lipids carbs

, Golgibody apparatus


Idf
modifies proteins packages into aids cisternae
stores transportslipids
0
packagedintovesicle fuses w csmembrane
in exocytosis secreted
o
D

Plant cells only love
lamella
starchgrain
innermemb
chloroplasts jranum.pl

site of photosynthesis
86 8 stroma
grana
thylakoid


havegrana stacks of a 100thylakoids linked
byintergrandlamella
folded largeSAforchlorophyll enzymes



thylakoids containchlorophyll lightdependantoccurs
stroma fluidfilled lightindependantoccurs
has 70sribosomes starchgrains circularDNA samepropertiesasprokaryotic
I like prokaryotes



Vacuole
singlemembrane calledtonoplast
hasdissolvedsugars At pigmentscolourpetalstoattractpollinators
fluidfilledkeepscellfirm
waterleavesvacuole cellshrinks cellplasmolysed
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