1. Which of the following conditions is most likely to
cause a left shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin
dissociation curve?
A. Increased temperature
B. Increased 2,3-BPG
C. Decreased pH
D. Decreased CO2
Answer: D
Rationale: A left shift (increased affinity) is caused
by decreased CO2, increased pH, decreased
temperature, and decreased 2,3-BPG.
2. A hallmark of acute inflammation is:
A. Fibrosis
B. Caseation necrosis
C. Neutrophil infiltration
D. Granuloma formation
Answer: C
,Rationale: Neutrophils are the first immune cells to
respond in acute inflammation.
3. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
which of the following is most accurate?
A. It is reversible
B. It only involves the alveoli
C. It includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema
D. It causes reduced lung compliance
Answer: C
Rationale: COPD is a combination of chronic
bronchitis and emphysema and is largely
irreversible.
4. A myocardial infarction causes myocardial cell
death primarily due to:
A. Pulmonary embolism
B. Ventricular fibrillation
C. Ischemia from coronary artery occlusion
D. Aortic dissection
Answer: C
,Rationale: MI is most commonly caused by
atherosclerotic plaque rupture and thrombus
formation, leading to ischemia.
5. Which of the following is a characteristic feature
of nephrotic syndrome?
A. Hematuria
B. Proteinuria >3.5 g/day
C. Hypoglycemia
D. Hypernatremia
Answer: B
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is marked by massive
proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema.
6. What is the most common initial manifestation of
multiple sclerosis (MS)?
A. Seizures
B. Tremors
C. Visual disturbances
D. Cognitive decline
Answer: C
, Rationale: Optic neuritis and visual changes are
common early signs of MS due to demyelination of
optic pathways.
7. What type of hypersensitivity reaction is involved
in anaphylaxis?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV
Answer: A
Rationale: Type I hypersensitivity involves IgE-
mediated release of histamine and other mediators,
leading to anaphylaxis.
8. What is the most common cause of acute
pancreatitis?
A. Diabetes mellitus
B. Alcohol abuse and gallstones
C. Viral infection
D. High protein diet
cause a left shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin
dissociation curve?
A. Increased temperature
B. Increased 2,3-BPG
C. Decreased pH
D. Decreased CO2
Answer: D
Rationale: A left shift (increased affinity) is caused
by decreased CO2, increased pH, decreased
temperature, and decreased 2,3-BPG.
2. A hallmark of acute inflammation is:
A. Fibrosis
B. Caseation necrosis
C. Neutrophil infiltration
D. Granuloma formation
Answer: C
,Rationale: Neutrophils are the first immune cells to
respond in acute inflammation.
3. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
which of the following is most accurate?
A. It is reversible
B. It only involves the alveoli
C. It includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema
D. It causes reduced lung compliance
Answer: C
Rationale: COPD is a combination of chronic
bronchitis and emphysema and is largely
irreversible.
4. A myocardial infarction causes myocardial cell
death primarily due to:
A. Pulmonary embolism
B. Ventricular fibrillation
C. Ischemia from coronary artery occlusion
D. Aortic dissection
Answer: C
,Rationale: MI is most commonly caused by
atherosclerotic plaque rupture and thrombus
formation, leading to ischemia.
5. Which of the following is a characteristic feature
of nephrotic syndrome?
A. Hematuria
B. Proteinuria >3.5 g/day
C. Hypoglycemia
D. Hypernatremia
Answer: B
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is marked by massive
proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema.
6. What is the most common initial manifestation of
multiple sclerosis (MS)?
A. Seizures
B. Tremors
C. Visual disturbances
D. Cognitive decline
Answer: C
, Rationale: Optic neuritis and visual changes are
common early signs of MS due to demyelination of
optic pathways.
7. What type of hypersensitivity reaction is involved
in anaphylaxis?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV
Answer: A
Rationale: Type I hypersensitivity involves IgE-
mediated release of histamine and other mediators,
leading to anaphylaxis.
8. What is the most common cause of acute
pancreatitis?
A. Diabetes mellitus
B. Alcohol abuse and gallstones
C. Viral infection
D. High protein diet
