ANTHROPOLOGY 2202 EXAM REVIEW SHEET QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2024 CERTIFIED 100% GRADED A+ 1. Why are individuals important for cultural anthropology ?: Individual largely ignored in anthropology -agents of change -source of cultural information 2. Explain the focus of psychological anthropology: Cross -cultural variation -interplay between culture and personality Ask 4 main questions 1. Universality of psychological development? 2. Difference in psychological development? 3. Perceptions of individuals and psychological development? 4. Understanding culture and culture change through psychology? 3. Kardiner: -primary institutions shape personality -secondary institutions shaped by basic personality of culture 4. What are some psychological universals?: -concept of self or person -recognize individuals -try to discern intentions -empathize with others -communicate and recognize a basic set of emotions 5. What are the stages of development?: 1. Sensorimotor - child begins to interact with the environment 2. preoperational - the child begins to represent the world sympathetically 3. concrete -operational -the child learns rules such as conservation 4. formal -operational - the adolescent can transcend the concrete situation and think about the future 6. Are all stages of development universal?: They are not. conservation happens at different times cross -
culturally 7. Universals regarding childhood: -long period of dependence -rapid learning= quick changes in behavior and ideas, learning from parents and non parental figures -personality traits from interaction between genetics, environment, and culture 8. Culturally dependent childhood: -socialization=development of patterns of be- havior, attitudes and values in children that conform to cultural expectations -variation in adherence to cultural norms -variation in what adults expect of children 9. Cross -cultural variation in childrearing: -parental responsiveness to infants and baby holding= time spent holding baby, responding to crying, feeding on de - mand, sleeping arrangements (western societies avoid dependance and clinginess) -parent -child play= rare in non-western societies (create emotional distance, more siblings) but considered necessary in western societies ANTHROPOLOGY 2202 EXAM REVIEW SHEET QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2024 CERTIFIED 100% GRADED A+ -parental acceptance and rejection of children= rejection (hostile and aggressive) acceptance (loving and trusting) -compliance or assertiveness= adaption to economics of society, agricultural and pastoral societies (emphasize responsibility and obedience) foraging societies (em- phasize self -reliance and individual assertiveness) -attitudes towards aggression= some societies actively encourage aggression (war societies and corporal punishment), others expect nonviolence -task assignment= western societies have few tasks that do not affect family survival, non western expect children to assist in all sorts of chores -schooling= affects performance on cognitive tests, may not always be useful, issues with test materials 10. Explain the difference between sex: sex is biologically determined -males XY, females XX gentalia 11. Explain the difference between gender expression: Gender is male and female, man and woman, masculine and feminine -how individuals externally express their gender -gender is a social construct=society and culture create gender roles, differences in behavior between men and women are functions of cultural expectations 12. Explain the difference between sexual orientation: -who an individual is physically, emotionally, and or sexually attracted to 13. Caster Semenya illustrates sex, gender, and expression: High competing athlete that was very masculine -brought up the question of what makes someone a male or a female -does sex or gender matter for sports 14. Is binary concept of gender a cultural universal?: Binary gender is NOT universal -cultures worldwide build in roles for different gender expressions= people who do not meet gender roles for their biological sex -many of these disappear with coloni alism -growing acceptance of gender variation 15. Examples of variations in the concept of gender: -Indigenous North Amer - ica= concept of "two spirit" (masculine men, masculine women, feminine men, feminine women) -Third gender in India= Hijra of India (identify as a third gender or transgendered indi- viduals, often eunuchs, spiritual role), marginalized, considered "ladyboys", perform EXTREME femininity (entertainment and prostitution) and have variable degrees of acceptance
culturally 7. Universals regarding childhood: -long period of dependence -rapid learning= quick changes in behavior and ideas, learning from parents and non parental figures -personality traits from interaction between genetics, environment, and culture 8. Culturally dependent childhood: -socialization=development of patterns of be- havior, attitudes and values in children that conform to cultural expectations -variation in adherence to cultural norms -variation in what adults expect of children 9. Cross -cultural variation in childrearing: -parental responsiveness to infants and baby holding= time spent holding baby, responding to crying, feeding on de - mand, sleeping arrangements (western societies avoid dependance and clinginess) -parent -child play= rare in non-western societies (create emotional distance, more siblings) but considered necessary in western societies ANTHROPOLOGY 2202 EXAM REVIEW SHEET QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2024 CERTIFIED 100% GRADED A+ -parental acceptance and rejection of children= rejection (hostile and aggressive) acceptance (loving and trusting) -compliance or assertiveness= adaption to economics of society, agricultural and pastoral societies (emphasize responsibility and obedience) foraging societies (em- phasize self -reliance and individual assertiveness) -attitudes towards aggression= some societies actively encourage aggression (war societies and corporal punishment), others expect nonviolence -task assignment= western societies have few tasks that do not affect family survival, non western expect children to assist in all sorts of chores -schooling= affects performance on cognitive tests, may not always be useful, issues with test materials 10. Explain the difference between sex: sex is biologically determined -males XY, females XX gentalia 11. Explain the difference between gender expression: Gender is male and female, man and woman, masculine and feminine -how individuals externally express their gender -gender is a social construct=society and culture create gender roles, differences in behavior between men and women are functions of cultural expectations 12. Explain the difference between sexual orientation: -who an individual is physically, emotionally, and or sexually attracted to 13. Caster Semenya illustrates sex, gender, and expression: High competing athlete that was very masculine -brought up the question of what makes someone a male or a female -does sex or gender matter for sports 14. Is binary concept of gender a cultural universal?: Binary gender is NOT universal -cultures worldwide build in roles for different gender expressions= people who do not meet gender roles for their biological sex -many of these disappear with coloni alism -growing acceptance of gender variation 15. Examples of variations in the concept of gender: -Indigenous North Amer - ica= concept of "two spirit" (masculine men, masculine women, feminine men, feminine women) -Third gender in India= Hijra of India (identify as a third gender or transgendered indi- viduals, often eunuchs, spiritual role), marginalized, considered "ladyboys", perform EXTREME femininity (entertainment and prostitution) and have variable degrees of acceptance
