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Emotion - states of arousal defined by subjective feeling, such as sadness or anger; usually short lived and marked by physiological features Affect - pattern of observable behaviours that are associated with subjective feelings Mood - A pervasive and sustained emotional response Depression - pervasive and sustained low mood & related behaviours and symptoms Dysthymia - Experience of low mood Dysphoria - experience of mixed unpleasant emotions Euphoria - Intense feeling of well-being, excitement, over-confidence & over optimism Mania - Elevated mood, inflated self-esteem & associated symptoms Hypomania - increased energy but symptoms areless severe than mania Symptoms of Mood disorders - Emotional • Dysphoria / Euphoria Cognitive • Disturbed concentration • Grandiosity and inflated self-esteem • Depressive triad: themselves, environment, future Somatic • Fatigue, pains, appetite and sleep patterns Behavioural/Affective • Affect, psychomotor slowing versus pursuit of goals indiscriminately/agitation Distinguishing depression and normal sadness - • Mood change is pervasive and persistent; does not improve, even temporarily, when engaging in pleasurable activities • Mood change may occur without precipitating event or may be out of proportion to person's circumstances • Impaired ability to function in social and occupational roles • Mood change with additional cognitive, somatic, behavioural signs and symptoms • Nature or quality of mood change may be different than what's experienced with normal sadness Depressive disorders - • Common features - Involve presence of "sad,empty or irritable mood, accompanied by somatic and cognitive changes" • What distinguishes the different mood disorders is their duration, timing, and presumed aetiology DSM-5 Depressive Disorders - Primary impairment involving sad, empty or irritable mood, accompanied by somatic and cognitive changes Major Depressive Episode/Major Depressive Disorder - • 1 major episode in the absence of any history of manic episodes A. An episode is ≥5 of 9 symptoms indicative of change over 2-week period; including either (1): depressed mood, or (2): loss of interest or pleasure. PLUS B. Cause significant distress or impairment C. Not attributable to other disorders/substances EITHER 1. OR 2. 1. Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day (subjective or observed) 2. Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly every day PLUS 5 or more 3. Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain (e.g. a change of 5%+ body weight in a month), or decrease or increase in appetite nearly every day 4. Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day (observable) 6. Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day 7. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt nearly every day 8. Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day (subjective or observed) 9. Recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or a specific plan for committing suicide B. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. C. The episode is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. D. The occurrence of the major depressive episode is not better explained by schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder, or other specified and unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. E. There has never been a manic episode or a hypomanic episode