Bio 245 Klesath Exam 1 NCSU DUE 4TH JUNE 2024

Bio 245 Klesath Exam 1 NCSU DUE 4TH JUNE 2024 3 reflex mechanisms that stimulate hormone secretion - CORRECT ANSWER1.Hormonal Stimulation: stimulus for release of hormones by the binding of another hormone (eg the TSH from anterior pituitary binds to thyroid gland to release TH) 2.Humoral Stimulation: release of hormone in response to change of blood nutrient levels (eg blood glucose levels rise so insulin is released from pancreas, or fall and glucagon is released) 3.Neural Stimulation: direct stimulation from nervous system to endocrine gland (eg epinephrine and norepinephrine by adrenal medulla during fight or flight) Hormonal Stimulation - CORRECT ANSWER-Stimulus for release of hormones by the binding of another hormone (eg the TSH from anterior pituitary binds to thyroid gland to release TH) Humoral Stimulation - CORRECT ANSWER-release of hormone in response to change of blood nutrient levels (eg blood glucose levels rise so insulin is released from pancreas, or fall and glucagon is released) Neural Stimulation - CORRECT ANSWER-direct stimulation from nervous system to endocrine gland (eg epinephrine and norepinephrine by adrenal medulla during fight or flight) Steroids - CORRECT ANSWER-lipid soluble molecules synthesized by cholesterol 1. Gonads (Estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone) 2. Adrenal Cortex hormones (Corticosteroids like cortisol, mineralocorticoids, aldosterone) Biogenic Amines - CORRECT ANSWER-modified amino acids, water soluble (except thyroid) 1. Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) 2. Thyroid Hormone → lipid soluble 3. Melatonin Proteins - CORRECT ANSWER-most hormones, small chains of amino acids, water soluble 1. Small peptides and large polypeptides 2. Glycoproteins Local Hormones - CORRECT ANSWER-DO NOT circulate in blood, so only affect either same cell that produced them (autocrine) or neighboring cells (Paracrine) 1. Eicosanoids: synthesized through enzymatic cascade, Phospholipase A2 removes fatty acid from phospholipid within the plasma membrane --> prostaglandins Prostaglandins - CORRECT ANSWER--Famous eicosanoid -are diverse group: synthesized by most tissues in the body -Stimulate pain receptors, reduce fever, increase inflammatory response Lipid soluble hormones: - CORRECT ANSWER-Can cross membrane, but needs carrier protein while circulating in blood, once unbound they can enter the nucleus a. Has a longer half-life bc protected by carrier proteins b. Once inside the cells, hormone binds to intracellular receptor either in nucleus of cytosol c. Once bound, forms a hormone receptor complex which interacts with DNA directly in regions called Hormone Response Element (HRE) d. Initiates transcription/translation and production of a new protein Water soluble hormones - CORRECT ANSWER-Travel free in blood so shorter half-life, cannot enter plasma membrane so binds to a membrane bound receptor a. Second messengers begin a signal transduction pathway, which can cause an amplified signal G protein activation by water-soluble hormones - CORRECT ANSWER-a. Hormone binds to G-Protein and activates it when GDP→ GTP b. Active G-Protein is released and receptor moves along inside plasma mebrane, either to activate or inhibit other intracellular cascades Adenylate Cyclase - CORRECT ANSWER-a. Hormone binds to G-Protein and activates it when GDP→ GTP b. Active G-Protein is released and receptor moves along inside plasma mebrane, either to activate or inhibit other intracellular cascades c. Using ATP, cAMP is created and activates protein kinase A, which will phosphorylate things → small concentration of hormone can have large effect on cell Phospholipase C - CORRECT ANSWER-i. Phospholipase C is enzyme activated by Gprotein ii. Splits into PIP2 and second messengers, DAG and IP3 iii. DAG activates kinase C iv. IP3 leaves membrane and causes increase in Ca2 in cytosol which can directly affect or act as 3rd messenger Upregulation - CORRECT ANSWER-When the amount of hormones is small, then the number of receptors increase in order to increase the sensitivity and obtain more of the hormones --> Occurs with changes in development, cell cycle, and cell activity Downregulation - CORRECT ANSWER-If there is an abundent amount of hormone in the blood, then the number of receptors decrease --> Occurs with changes in development, cell cycle, and cell activity Synergistic Hormone Interaction - CORRECT ANSWER-hormones work together to have a greater effect a. 1+1=3, estrogen and progesterone together have a stronger effect than individually Permissive Hormone Interaction - CORRECT ANSWER-first hormone allows action of a second, one has to occur before another does a. Prolactin produces the milk and oxytocin allows the release of milk Antagonistic Hormone Interaction - CORRECT ANSWER-One hormone causes opposite effect of another hormone a. Insulin and glucagon, calcitonin and parathyroid What controls the Master Gland? - CORRECT ANSWER-Hypothalamus, connected via the infindulum Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland hormones - CORRECT ANSWER-Neural Stimulation, synthesized in hypothalamus and transported to the posterior pituitary. STORAGE, not production i. Oxytocin OT: Stimulate contraction of smooth muscles of uterus, breast to eject milk, increase emotional bonding ii. Antidiuretic Hormone ADH: kidneys to decrease urine output, thirst center to increase fluid intake, and vasoconstriction in high doses How does the hypothalamus synthesize hormones for the anterior pituitary? - CORRECT ANSWER-"regulatory hormones" produced within the hypothalamus are released into the primary plexus and then transported via the hypophyseal portal veins to reach the secondary plexus within the anterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary then releases its hormones into the blood of the general circulation through which they reach target cells i. Hormonal stimulation: made and released here, transported through primary plexus, hypophyseal portal, and secondary portal Hypothalamus made hormones for the Anterior pituitary - CORRECT ANSWER-a. Releasing: increase secretion of . Hormones i. Thyrotropin RH: stimulates AP to release TSH, which stimulates TH ii. prolactin RH: release of prolactin from AP, regulates mammary gland growth and breast milk production iii. gonadotropin RH: regulates FSH and LH, which control development of oocyte and follicle iv. Corticotropin RH: stimulates release of ACTH, which stimulates adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids v. GHRH: release GH, which stimulates liver to release IGF1&2, which function synergistically to stimulate cell growth and division in skeletal and muscular systems b. Inhibiting hormones: decrease secretion of . Hormones i. Prolactin IH (Dopamine), GHIH (somatostatin) Anterior pituitary made hormones - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH 2. Prolactin PRL 3. Follicle stimulating hormone FSH 4. Luteinizing Hormone LH 5. Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH 6. Growth Hormone GH Describe the process of thyroid hormone formation - CORRECT ANSWER-a.Liver: increases blood glucose by increasing glycogenolysis and glucogyensis and decreasing glycogenesis b.Adipose Tissue: save glucose for brain (Glucose-Sparing Effect) by increasing lipolysis and decreasing lipogenesis c.Lungs: increase breathing rate d.Heart: increased heart rate to force circulation Parafollicular Cells of Thyroid - CORRECT ANSWER-produce calcitonin i. Humoral stimulatin ii. Decrease blood calcium levels Follicular cells of Thyroid - CORRECT ANSWER-Follicles: produce and relase TH (T3 and T4) → hormonal i. Produces more T4 but T3 is more active ii. Most target cells convert T4 toT3 List the hormones produced by the medulla region of the adrenal gland and describe their action. - CORRECT ANSWER-Neural stimulation Releases catecholamines→ Epinephrine and norephenephrine Triggers in response to: increased HR, pain, physical injury, emotinal upset, hypoglycemia Results in: increases HR, anxiety, increased perspiration, and inc blood glucose concentration Identify the three main groups of hormones secreted from the cortex region of the adrenal glands and examples provided for each. - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Zona Glomerulosa: Ions a. Aldosterone: Results in Na+ and water retention & K+ and H+ secretion 2. Zona Fasciculata: Primarily glucocorticoids B. Cortisol: effects metabolism of glucose resulting in increase in blood sugar, facilitates body's response to stress and acts as anti inflammatory/auto-immune function 3. Zona Reticularis: Primarily Gonadocorticoids