Foreign Service Officer Test - World Affairs with complete solutions.

"Let one hundred flowers bloom" - ANSWER-Chairman Mao Zedong's "Let a hundred flowers bloom; let a hundred schools of thought contend". This slogan was used during the period of approximately six weeks in the summer of 1957 when the Chinese intelligentsia were invited to criticize the political system then obtaining in Communist China. It is sometimes suggested that the initiative was a deliberate attempt to flush out dissidents by encouraging them to show themselves as critical of the regime. Whether or not it was a deliberate trap isn't clear but it is the case that many of those who put forward views that were unwelcome to Mao were executed. absolute majority - ANSWER-more than 50% of all votes cast accountability - ANSWER-the concept that government officials are responsible to and serve at the pleasure of constituents or elected officials (and that they may be removed from office by those electors or officials) adjudicate - ANSWER-to resolve a matter in dispute; when backed up by the authority of government the decision can be enforced adjudication - ANSWER-the legal process of deciding an issue through the courts Afghanistan and Bhutan - ANSWER-British buffer states for India agricultural sector - ANSWER-that part of a country's economy that is involved in the production of farm products airspace - ANSWER-The space above a state that is considered its territory, in contrast to outer space, which is considered international territory. alliance cohesion - ANSWER-the ease with which the members hold together an alliance; tends to be high when national interests converge & when cooperation among allies become institutionalized Ambalat - ANSWER-Indonesia & Malaysia dispute this oil-rich sea area America First - ANSWER-Founded in 1939 after Germany’s invasion of Poland, America First was an isolationist group that opposed U.S. involvement in World War II. Many prominent Americans were members, including aviator Charles Lindbergh. At its peak, America First had 800,000 members. The organization disbanded shortly after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. American Convention on Human Rights - ANSWER-The American Convention on Human Rights, which entered into force in 1978, defines the human rights that the ratifying states of the Western Hemisphere have agreed to foster through the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), an autonomous organ of the Organization of American States (OAS) headquartered in Washington, D.C. The IACHR meets frequently, considers cases brought before it and gives priority to stimulating public awareness in such areas as judicial independence, activities of irregular armed groups and the human rights of minors, women and indigenous peoples. The Convention also established the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, located in San Jose, Costa Rica. Andrei Gromyko - ANSWER-Soviet foreign minister (1957â€"85) and president (1985â€"88) of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. Though never strongly identified with any political faction, he served dependably as a skilled emissary and spokesman. He was ambassador to the U.S. (1943â€"46), Soviet representative to the UN Security Council (1946â€"48), and ambassador to Britain (1952â€"53). In 1957 he began his long tenure as foreign minister and became renowned for his negotiating skills. In 1985 he was promoted to the presidency, with great prestige but little power, after Mikhail Gorbachev came to power. Anglo-French Condominium of the New Hebrides - ANSWER-1906: Joint agreement between England and France for cooperative government in the Pacific Annexation of Baltic States - ANSWER-1940 - The direct Soviet aggression against the Baltic countries occurred on 14-17 June 1940 when the world’s attention was focused on the military actions in Western Europe where Paris fell to the Germans on 14 June. Accusing Estonia of forming a conspiracy together with Latvia and Lithuania against the Soviet Union, the latter presented an ultimatum, demanding new concessions which included allowing more troops to enter the three countries. In the conditions of international isolation, the governments surrendered without offering any military resistance, and within a few days, the countries were invaded and occupied by several hundred thousand soldiers of the Red Army. A few days later days, led by Stalin’s close associates, the local communist supporters and those brought in from Russia, formally forced the Baltic governments to resign and proclaimed new "people's governments" in the three occupied countries. attentive public - ANSWER-the minority of the population that stays informed about international issues Austrian State Treaty - ANSWER- in Vienna at the Schloss Belvedere among the Allied occupying powers: France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union, and the Austrian government and officially came into force on July 27, 1955. authoritarianism - ANSWER-a political system in which a small group of individuals exercises power over the state without being constitutionally responsible to the public. autocracy - ANSWER-a system of governance in which a small group has absolute power autonomy - ANSWER-the degree to which a state can implement policies independent of the populace or the amount of sovereignty a nation-state can exercise in the global environment Azerbaijan & Armenia - ANSWER-Azerbaijan holds Naxcivan in Armenia and Armenia holds Nagorno-Karabakh region in Azerbaijan Bahrain vs. Qatar - ANSWER-Dispute over the Hawar Islands Balfour Declaration - ANSWER-A formal statement of policy by the British government in 1917 stating, among other things, that the Jewish plans for a national home for their people within Palestine‎ was supported by the Britain. So -- Jews thought they had the right to live there, Palestinians were already there and thought they had the right to stay. Conflict starts here. Balkan independence - ANSWER-Croatia first, then Serbia. Bosnia in 1992 from Yugoslavia. Kosovo last. bandwagoning - ANSWER-smaller states join forces with larger states to gain power Battle of Britain - ANSWER-June 1940â€"April 1941: Series of intense raids directed against Britain by the German air force in World War II. The air attacks, intended to prepare the way for a German invasion, were directed against British ports and RAF bases. In September 1940 the attacks turned to London and other cities in a “blitz†of bombings for 57 consecutive nights, which was followed by intermittent raids until April 1941. The RAF was outnumbered but succeeded in blocking the German air force through superior tactics, advanced air defenses, and the penetration of German secret codes. Belleau Wood - ANSWER-A forested area of northern France. In June 1918, it was the site of a hard-fought and bloody American victory over the Germans. This battle was signicant in that it stopped a German advance toward Paris Berlin Blockade - ANSWER- â€" Instituted by the Soviet Union in the hope that the Allies would be forced to abandon West Berlin. The Berlin Airlift, a massive effort to supply the 2 million West Berliners with food and fuel for heating began in June, 1948, and lasted until Sept., 1949, although the Russians lifted the blockade in May of that year. During the around-the-clock airlift some 277,000 flights were made delivering an average of 8,000 tons of supplies daily. Biological Weapons Convention - ANSWER-Entered into force in 1975, the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) had 151 member states in 2006. It provides that members of the Convention should "never in any circumstances...develop, produce, stockpile or otherwise acquire or retain...Microbial or other biological agents, or toxins whatever their origin or method of production, of types and in quantities that have no justification for prophylactic, protective or other peaceful purposes." The Convention also imparts responsibilities on member nations to destroy all such weapons and their means of delivery. Border distinctions - ANSWER-Delimited borders are described; demarcated borders are surveyed and marked. Britain, China, Iran - ANSWER-Which of the states we have studied are unitary governments. Bryan resigns - ANSWER-June 9, 1915 â€" Believing the strong language in Wilson’s note to Germany after the sinking of the British ship Lusitania would lead the U.S. into an unnecessary war; Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan resigned his post. bureaucracy - ANSWER-a hierarchically structured organization charged with carrying out the policies determined by those with political authority bureaucratic authoritarianism - ANSWER-A system in which the state bureaucracy and the military share a belief that a technocratic leadership, focused on rational, objective, and technical expertise, can solve the problems of the country without public participation. Bystroe Canal & Serpent Island - ANSWER-Disputed by Romania and Ukraine. ICJ split Serpent Island in 2009. **Mouth of the Danube at issue** cabinet - ANSWER-in a parliamentary system, the group of ministers who direct administrative bureaucracies (ministries) and make up the government, which is responsible to the parliament; in a presidential system, the administrative directors responsible to the president Cameroon vs. Nigeria - ANSWER-Conflict over the Bakasi Peninsula; the ICJ ruled in favor of Cameroon. Camp David Accords - ANSWER-1979 peace agreement between Israel and Egypt Cantigny - ANSWER-1918 â€" A village of northern France south of Amiens. It was the site of the first major U.S. offensive in World War I on May 28 1918. capacity - ANSWER-the degree to which a government or state is able to implement its policies carrying capacity - ANSWER-The number of people that an environment, such as the Earth, can feed, provide water for, and otherwise sustain Caspian Sea Access - ANSWER-There are crucial gas pipelines from Uzbekistan in this area. The Caspian is the most successful example of the UN Law of the Sea catch-all party - ANSWER-a political party whose aim is ot gather support from a broad range of citizens through a de-emphasis of ideology and an emphasis on pragmatism, charismatic leadership, and marketing causation - ANSWER-a correlation in which a change in one variable results in a change in others CENTO - ANSWER-1955 - Central Treaty Organization: Mutual-security organization, originally composed of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, and Britain. It was formed in 1955, at the urging of the U.S. and Britain, to counter the threat of Soviet expansion into the Middle East. CENTO was never very effective. Iraq withdrew after its anti-Soviet monarchy was overthrown in 1959. In that same year the U.S. became an associate member, and CENTO's headquarters were moved to Ankara, Tur. After the fall of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi in 1979, Iran withdrew and CENTO was dissolved. centrifugal forces - ANSWER-forces that divide and fragment societies centripetal forces - ANSWER-forces that pull societies closer together Ceuta - ANSWER-Spanish city on the tip of Morocco. Illegal immigration is an issue here. charismatic legitimacy - ANSWER-Legitimacy built on the force of ideas embodied by an individual leader. Chechnya - ANSWER-Separatist movement from Russia; terrorist acts by Chechens have spurred Russian intervention. Oil in the area exacerbates it. Chemical Weapons Convention - ANSWER-The Chemical Weapons Convention entered into force in 1997. The Convention prohibits all development, production, acquisition, stockpiling, transfer and use of chemical weapons. It imposes reporting requirements, as well as inspections on chemical weapons sites located inside participating states. In 2006, 179 states were parties to the Convention. The Organization for the Prevention of Chemical Weapons was created by the United Nations to provide oversight for the compliance of participants. citizen - ANSWER-a member of a state who is legally entitled to full civil rights and is legally obliged to perform defined public duties CITs - ANSWER-Countries in transition - a nation that is in a state of transition, whether it be social, economic, political or otherwise. Transitions can be very different in nature. Ex) Bolshevik revolution, American revolution, Chinese Revolution. civic culture - ANSWER-a political culture in which citizens widely share a belief in the legitimacy of their regime and a trust in the government; therefore the citizens demonstrate restraint in their demands on the government civil servants - ANSWER-employees of the government who administer (not make) policy; expected to serve any and all governments civil service - ANSWER-a system of carefully describing the tasks involved in performing government jobs, evaluating applicants for these jobs, and hiring people from among those applicants based on skills and experience rather than political factors; civil service also protects incumbents in civil service positions from politically based retribution civil society - ANSWER-Organizations outside the state that help people define and advance their own interests Class A Mandates - ANSWER-Iraq, Palestine, Syria Class B Mandates - ANSWER-Rwanda & Burundi, Tanganyika, Cameroon, Togoland Class C Mandates - ANSWER-New Guinea, Nauru, Western Samoa, Southwest Africa cleavage - ANSWER-factors that separate groups within a society; may be cultural, historic, geographic, economic, ethnic, racial, etc.; the wider and deeper the cleavages, the less unified the society; cleavages which coincide with one another can reinforce each other; cleavages that don't coincide can weaken the divisions between groups clientism - ANSWER-A process whereby the state co-opts members of the public by providing specific benefits or favors to a single person or a small group in return for public support. codify - ANSWER-to write down a law in formal language coercive participation - ANSWER-political action organized by ruling authorities rather than by interest groups or civil society groups coinciding cleavages (polarizing) - ANSWER---occur when the factors composing one's social identity tend to pull in the same political direction. collective goods problem - ANSWER-how to provide something that benefits all members of a group regardless of what each member contributes to it collective responsibility - ANSWER-in a parliamentary system, the concept that all cabinet members agree on policy decisions and that all will be responsible for the results Colony - ANSWER-1. an ocean separates the colony from the sovereign 2. there is a racial, ethnic, or cultural difference 3. the people must have made an effort for self governent and elected the sovereign COMECON - ANSWER-1949 - Council for Mutual Economic Assistance: Organization founded in 1949 to facilitate and coordinate the economic development of Soviet-bloc countries. Its original members were the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, and Romania; other members joined later, including Albania (1949) and the German Democratic Republic (1950). Its accomplishments included the organization of Eastern Europe's railroad grid, the creation of the International Bank for Economic Cooperation, and the construction of the “Friendship†oil pipeline. After the political upheavals in Eastern Europe in the late 1980s, it largely lost its purpose and power. In 1991 it was renamed the Organization for International Economic Cooperation. Cominform - ANSWER-1947 - Agency of international communism founded under Soviet auspices in 1947. Its original members were the Communist Parties of the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia, France, and Italy, but Yugoslavia was expelled in 1948. The Cominform's activities consisted mainly of publishing propaganda to encourage international communist solidarity. It was dissolved by Soviet initiative in 1956 as part of a Soviet program of reconciliation with Yugoslavia. Communist takeover of Angola - ANSWER-1976 - Portugal granted Angola independence in 1975 and the MPLA assumed control of the government in Luanda; Agostinho Neto became president. The FNLA and UNITA, however, proclaimed a coaliton government in Nova Lisboa (now Huambo), but by early 1976 the MPLA had gained control of the whole country. Most of the European population fled the political and economic upheaval that followed independence, taking their investments and technical expertise with them. When Neto died in 1979, José Eduardo dos Santos succeeded him as president. In the 1970s and 80s the MPLA government received large amounts of aid from Cuba and the Soviet Union, while the United States supported first the FNLA and then UNITA Communist takeover of Ethiopia - ANSWER-1977 - Lt. Col. Mengistu Haile Mariam became head of the PMAC, which soon diverted from its announced socialist course. A popular movement, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party, began a campaign of urban guerrilla activity that was contained by government-organized urban militias in 1977. Under the Mengistu regime, thousands of political opponents were purged, property was confiscated, and defense spending was greatly increased. Communist takeover of Grenada - ANSWER-1979 - a successful, bloodless coup established the People's Revolutionary Government (PRG) under Prime Minister Maurice Bishop. This government's Marxist leanings and favorable stance toward Cuba and the Soviet Union strained relations with the United States and other nations in the region. In Oct., 1983, after Bishop and his associates were assassinated by more hard-line radicals within his own movement, the United States, with token forces from other Caribbean nations, invaded and occupied Grenada. A general election held in Dec., 1984, reestablished democratic government, with Herbert Blaize as prime minister. Communist takeover of Mozambique - ANSWER-1975 - In reaction to the independence agreement, a group of white rebels attempted to seize control of the Mozambique government but were quickly subdued by Portuguese and Frelimo troops. As black rule of Mozambique became a reality (with Machel as president) and as increased racial violence erupted, there was an exodus of Europeans from Mozambique. As the Portuguese left, they took their valuable skills and machinery, which had an adverse effect on the economy. Frelimo established a single-party Marxist state, nationalized all industry, and abolished private land ownership. Frelimo also instituted health and education reforms. Communist takeover of Nicaragua - ANSWER-1981 - Nicaragua was taken over by the Sandinista party after a popular revolt. The Sandinistas were then opposed by armed insurgents, the U.S.-backed Contras, from 1981. The Sandinista government nationalized several sectors of the economy but lost national elections in 1990. The new government reprivatized many public enterprises. Sandinista leader Daniel Ortega returned to power after winning the presidential election of 2006. comparative foreign policy - ANSWER-study of foreign policy in various states in order to discover whether similar types of societies/governments consistently have similar types of foreign policies compellence - ANSWER-The use of force to make another actor take some action (rather than, as in deterrence, refrain from taking an action). Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty - ANSWER-The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) bans all nuclear weapons tests. Since the Treaty was opened for signature in 1996, some 170 states have become members. Seen as an important step toward reducing the proliferation of nuclear weapons capabilities and promoting progress toward the ideal of nuclear disarmament, the CTBT provides for on-site inspections and periodic reporting by participating states. compromise - ANSWER-a decision-making (policy-making, law-making) process in which all parties concede some of their goals in order to reach other of their goals through agreements with other political actors conditionality - ANSWER-A term that refers to the policy of the IMF, the World Bank, and some other international financial agencies to attach conditions to their loans and grants. These conditions may require recipient countries to devalue their currencies, to lift controls on prices, to cut their budgets, and to reduce barriers to trade and capital flows. Such conditions are often politically unpopular, may cause at least short-term economic pain, and are construed by critics as interference in recipient countries’ sovereignty. conflict - ANSWER-A difference in preferred outcomes in a bargaining situation. conflict and cooperation - ANSWER-The types of actions that states take towards each other through time. conflict resolution - ANSWER-The development and implementation of peaceful strategies for settling conflicts. conservatism - ANSWER-A political attitude that is skeptical of change and supports the current order. constitution - ANSWER-a supreme law that defines the structure of a nation-state's regime and the legal processes governments must follow constructivism - ANSWER-A movement in IR theory that examines how changing international norms help shape the content of state interests and the character of international institutions. Convention Against Torture - ANSWER-The Convention Against Torture, which entered into force in 1987, places an absolute prohibition on the use of torture as state policy. It requires parties to "take effective legislative, administrative, judicial or other measures to prevent acts of torture in any territory under its jurisdiction" (Article 2). The Convention explicitly states that "No exceptional circumstances whatsoever, whether a state of war or a threat of war, internal political instability or any other public emergency, may be invoked as a justification of torture," nor can "an order from a superior officer or a public authority." Considered a codification of the customary prohibition of torture in international law, the Convention also prohibits returning a person to a state in circumstances where he or she is likely to be tortured. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women - ANSWER-The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), which entered into force in 1981, is an "international bill of rights for women." The Convention aims to "ensure an immediate end to torture and other forms of degrading treatment and to prosecute and punish those responsible for such practices." With 176 parties as of March 2004, the Convention aims to increase political social, and economic freedoms and opportunities for women throughout the world. The Convention also has provisions against trafficking of women and requires states to take specific measures to prevent their exploitation. In 2006, the United States was one of the 185 state parties to the Convention, but it has expressed objections over provisions relating to family planning. Convention on the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD Convention) - ANSWER-The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), founded in 1961 and comprising 30 member countries, is dedicated to promoting increased economic development among its members and with 70 partner countries. It produces international agreements, standards and regulations that promote guidelines to facilitate economic development, trade and good governance. The OECD also publishes authoritative statistics and documents on macroeconomics, education, development and technology issues. Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction (1997 Mine Ban Treaty) - ANSWER-The Mine Ban Treaty prohibits the production, use and transfer of antipersonnel landmines, and calls on parties to eliminate existing stockpiles and take measures to remove existing landmines from affected countries. States are also called on to raise awareness about mines and ensure that mine victims are cared for, rehabilitated and reintegrated into their communities. The Convention, entered into force in 1999, had more than 150 signatories by 2006. The United States is not a party to the Convention because of concerns about its impact on the landmines that defend South Korea from a possible attack from the North. Convention on the Punishment and Prevention of Genocide - ANSWER-Signed in 1948, the Convention on the Punishment and Prevention of Genocide states that genocide ". . .whether committed in time of peace or in time of war, is a crime under international law which they [the signatories] undertake to prevent and to punish." The treaty defines genocide as actions ". . .committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group." Article III specifically outlines those international crimes that include genocide, such as genocide itself, conspiracy to commit genocide, direct and public incitement to commit genocide, the attempt to commit genocide and complicity in genocide. Convention on the Rights of the Child - ANSWER-The Convention on the Rights of the Child entered into force in 1990, and is one of the primary human rights treaties. It requires States Parties to take "all appropriate measures to ensure that the child is protected against all forms of discrimination or punishment on the basis of the status, activities, expressed opinions, or beliefs of the child's parents, legal guardians, or family members." (Article 2). The Convention protects children's' rights through the juvenile justice system and calls for states to adhere to policies that accord with the best interests of children. The Convention has been ratified by 192 countries. The United States is not a party to this Convention. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees - ANSWER-The Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees establishes the basic rights of protection for refugees who are forced to leave their country of origin out of a well-founded fear of persecution. The Convention guarantees rights to those seeking asylum and states that refugees will not be forcibly returned to their state of origin as long as the threat of persecution continues. Entered into force in 1954, the Convention had 140 parties as of 2006. Although the United States is not a state party to the Convention, it is a party to its Protocol, which incorporates all the Convention provisions subject to some limitations. corporatism - ANSWER-A method of co-optation whereby authoritarian systems create or sanction a limited number of organizations to represent the interests of the public and restrict those not set up or approved by the state. cost-benefit analysis - ANSWER-A calculation of the costs incurred by a possible action and the benefits it is likely to bring. counterinsurgency - ANSWER-effort to combat guerillas, often including programs to "win the hearts & minds" of rural populations so they stop sheltering guerillas crimes against humanity - ANSWER-A category of legal offenses created at the Nuremberg trials after World War II to encompass genocide and other acts committed by the political and military leaders of the Third Reich (Nazi Germany). critical theory - ANSWER-addresses how to overcome "exclusion" & seeks to understand the underlying conditions in which emancipation is possible crosscutting cleavages - ANSWER---occur when the various factors that make up an individual's social identity tend to pull that person in different political directions. cultural imperialism - ANSWER-The attempt to impose your own value system on others, including judging others by how closely they conform to your norms. Relativists accuse universalists of doing this. current dollars - ANSWER-The value of the dollar in the year for which it is being reported. Sometimes called inflated dollars. Any currency can be expressed in current value. Czech Coup - ANSWER-Feb. 1948 â€" A Soviet supported coup in which the government of Czechoslavkia, the last independent government in Eastern Europe, was replaced by a communist regime that was a puppet of the Soviet Union. Death of Stalin - ANSWER-1953 - He continued his repressive political measures to control internal dissent; increasingly paranoid, he was preparing to mount another purge after the so-called Doctors' Plot when he died. Noted for bringing the Soviet Union into world prominence, at terrible cost to his own people, he left a legacy of repression and fear as well as industrial and military power. In 1956 Stalin and his personality cult were denounced by Nikita Khrushchev. Diego Garcia - ANSWER-Atoll in the Indian Ocean with a large runway that the US and Indian navies use for drills. difference feminism - ANSWER-values the unique contributions of women as women, believes gender differences are not just socially constructed & that views women inherently less warlike than men distributive policies - ANSWER-government policies that allocate valuable resources dominance "status hierarchy" - ANSWER-a power hierarchy in which those at the top control those below dominance advantage - ANSWER-like a government, it forces members of a group to contribute to the common good dominance disadvantage - ANSWER-stability comes at a cost of constant oppression of, & resentment by, the lower-ranking members in the status hierachy Dominican Republic occupied - ANSWER-1916 â€" the collapse of the government in the Dominican Republic similarly precipitated a U.S. intervention to restore order. Donut Hole - ANSWER-Disputed area between Russia and the US in the Bering Strait Dumbarton Oaks Conference - ANSWER-October 1944 - at an estate in the Georgetown area of Washington, D.C. Four powers participated: the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and China. Because of Soviet neutrality in the Asian conflict, China only attended beginning 29 September, the day the Russians departed. The conference had the task of preparing a charter for a "general international organization," as stipulated in the Moscow Declaration of 30 October 1943. The conference chose the name of the wartime alliance, the United Nations (UN), for the new body. In imitation of the League of Nations, the new UN would possess a Security Council, a General Assembly, a Secretariat, and an International Court of Justice. To avoid, however, the pitfalls of the League of Nations, the conferees concluded that unanimous votes should not be mandatory to reach decisions in the Security Councilor the General Assembly; all signatories must agree in advance to act on the Security Council's findings; contingents of the armed forces of member states must be at Security Council disposal; and that the creation of an Economic and Social Council was necessary. Durand Line - ANSWER-Established to separate Pashto people in Afghanistan and Pakistan (then India) Duverget's law - ANSWER-a 2-party system is created when parliament is elected by plurality in single-member districts; a multi-party system is created in proportional representation economic liberalization - ANSWER-Philosophy that aims to limit the power of the state and increase the power of the market and private property in an economy. EEC - European Economic Community - ANSWER-1957 - Economic entity, also known as the Common Market, originally formed in 1957 to work toward the regulation of European international trade. The EEC is made up of 15 member nations composed of over 300 million people, including Austria, Belgium, Britain, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden. Its agreements call for the elimination of tariffs and other trade restrictions among members and the establishment of uniform tariffs for nonmembers. The EEC also encourages common standards for food additives, labeling, and packaging. The combined gross national product of the EEC is nearly equal to that of the United States. Direct marketers operating in the EEC countries must adhere to stricter privacy laws than in the United States. See also euro dollar. Eisenhower Doctrine - ANSWER-1957 - U.S. foreign policy pronouncement by Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower (1957). The Eisenhower Doctrine promised military and economic aid to anticommunist governments, at a time when communist countries were providing arms to Egypt and offering strong support to Arab states. Part of the Cold War policy developed by John Foster Dulles to contain expansion of the Soviet sphere of influence, the doctrine continued pledges made under the Truman Doctrine. Elima Triangle - ANSWER-Between Egypt and Sudan. No active dispute. ethnic groups - ANSWER-Large groups of people who share ancestral, language, cultural, or religious ties and a common identity. ethnocentrism (in-group bias) - ANSWER-The tendency to see one’s own group (in-group) in favorable terms and an out-group in unfavorable terms. European Economic Community - ANSWER-EEC - The regional trade and economic organization established in Western Europe by the Treaty of Rome in 1958; also known as the common market. European Union - ANSWER-The Western European regional organization established in 1983 when the Maastricht Treaty went into effect. The EU encompasses the still legally existing European Community, the EEC and EURATOM. executive - ANSWER-the people and agencies which implement or execute government policy (from the head of government to the lowest bureaucracies) faction - ANSWER-a group organized on the grounds of self-perceived common interests within a political party, interest group, or government failed state - ANSWER-a state within which the government has lost the ability to provide the most basic of public services fascism - ANSWER-A political ideology that asserts the superiority and inferiority of different groups of people and stresses a low degree of both freedom and equality in order to achieve a powerful state. feedback - ANSWER-The process through which people find out about public policy and the ways in which their reactions to recent political events help shape the next phase of political life. Ferghana Valley - ANSWER-An area in Uzbekistan walled off by mountains with an extremely dense population. Some ethnic differences. First peacetime draft - ANSWER-1940 â€" The Selective Training and Service Act required men between the ages of twenty-one and thirty-five to register at local draft boards across the country on October 16, 1940. Over sixteen million men registered. Two weeks later, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt watched as Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson plucked the first number in the draft from a bowl. The number was one hundred fifty-eight; 6,175 men across the nation held that honor and were required to report for duty. fluid alliances - ANSWER-alliances that shift as national interests change Foreign Office. - ANSWER-An executive agency that formulates and implements foreign policy foreign policy process - ANSWER-how policies are arrived and implemented Foreign Policy. - ANSWER-The official strategy of a state regarding how it will relate to other states and international organizations. formal alliances - ANSWER-alliances established between states through a written treaty, concerning a common threat and related issues of internatl security, and that endure across a range of lives and period of time Founding of Pakistan - ANSWER-1947 - British as part of India and became a separate Muslim state in 1947. The country originally included the Bengalese territory of East Pakistan, which achieved its separate independence in 1971 as Bangladesh. Pakistan became a republic in 1956. Islamabad is the capital and Karachi the largest city. Four Freedoms - ANSWER-January 1941: FDR freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, and freedom from fear of physical aggression. He called for the last freedom to be achieved through a “worldwide reduction in armaments.†In August 1941 he and Winston Churchill included the four freedoms in the Atlantic Charter. fourth world - ANSWER-Refers to a sub-population subjected to social exclusion in global society, but since the 1974 publication of The Fourth World: An Indian Reality of George Manuel, Cheif of the National Indian Brotherhood - Assembly of First Nations, fourth world has come to be known as a synonym for stateless nations FPI - ANSWER-Foreign portfolio investment - Investment in the stocks and the public/private debt instruments (such as bonds) of another country below the level where the stock or bondholder can exercise control over the policies of the stock-issuing company or the bond-issuing debtor. Solely to gain capital appreciation through market fluctuations. Free Assocation with the US - ANSWER-Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Palau, Northern Marianas Free Association with New Zealand - ANSWER-Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau (in process) French Overseas Departments - ANSWER-Martinique, Guadeloupe, French Guyana, Reunion Island, Mayotte (future) functionalism & functional relations - ANSWER-International cooperation in specific areas such as communications, trade, travel, health, or environmental protection activity. Reflected in specialized agencies like the World Health Organization. Relations that include interaction in usually nonpolitical areas. fusion of powers - ANSWER-a system of governance in which the authority of government is concentrated in one body G77 - ANSWER-Group of 77 - the group of 77 countries of the South that cosponsored the Joint Declaration of Developing Countries in 1963 calling for greater equity in N-S trade. Now includes 133 members and represents the interests of the less developed countries of the South. Gabon vs. Equatorial Guinea - ANSWER-Disputes over continental shelf and mineral deposits. game theory - ANSWER-A branch of mathematics concerned with predicting bargaining outcomes. Games such as Prisoner’s Dilemma and Chicken have been used to analyze various sorts of international interactions. gender gap - ANSWER-Refers to polls showing women lower than men on average in their support for military actions (as well as for various other issues and candidates). geopolitics - ANSWER-The use of geography as an element of power, and the ideas about it held by political leaders and scholars. German Joins NATO - ANSWER-1955 â€" Germany joined as West Germany in 1955 and German reunification in 1990 extended the membership to the new Federal Republic of Germany. Gibraltar - ANSWER-English will never relinquish this piece of Spain. governance - ANSWER-the characteristics of a regime or government government - ANSWER-the part of the state with legitimate public authority; the group of people and organizations that hold political authority in a state at any one time government bargaining model - ANSWER-foreign policy decisions result from the bargaining process among various government agencies with somewhat divergent interests in the outcome graft - ANSWER-corruption/ill-gotten money grassroots politics - ANSWER-locally-organized activism; as opposed to top-down, hierarchical organizing great power - ANSWER-states that can be defeated militarily only by another great power (US, Germany, Russia) Great Purge - ANSWER-Late 30's - The name given to campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin during the late 1930s. It involved the purge of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the persecution of unaffiliated persons, both occurring within a period characterized by omnipresent police surveillance, widespread suspicion of "saboteurs", show trials, imprisonment, and killings. In the West the term "the Great Terror" was popularized after the title of Robert Conquest's The Great Terror. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's The Gulag Archipelago is also devoted to this period of Soviet history. Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere - ANSWER-1940 - It is remembered today in the West largely as a front for the Japanese control of Axis-occupied countries during World War II, in which puppet governments manipulated local populations and economies for the benefit of wartime Japan. It was an Imperial Japanese Army concept which originated with General Hachiro Arita, who at the time was minister of foreign affairs and an army ideologist. "Greater East Asia" (大æ±äºœ, Dai-tÅ-a) was a Japanese term (banned during the post-war occupation) referring to East Asia, Southeast Asia and surrounding areas. groupthink - ANSWER-tendency for groups to reach decisions without accurately assessing their consequences, because individual members tend to go along with ideas they think the others support guerilla war - ANSWER-Warfare without front lines and with irregular forces operating in the midst of, and often hidden or protected by, civilian populations. Haiti occupied - ANSWER-1915 â€" Despite rhetoric opposing the interventionism of previous administrations, Wilson decided to try to restore order when revolutionary upheaval and bloodshed swept Haiti in the summer of 1915. Hans Island - ANSWER-Canada and Denmark dispute this island near Greenland. Canada claims all NW passages as territorial waters. Hard currency - ANSWER-Currencies, such as dollars, euros, and yen, that are acceptable in private channels of int'l economics. He Kept Us Out of War - ANSWER-1916 â€" Wilson used this slogan in his 1916 campaign for the presidency. On April 6, 1917, the United States entered the war. hegemonic war - ANSWER-War for control of the entire world order -- the rules of the international system as a whole. Also known as world war, global war, general war, or systemic war. hegemony - ANSWER-The holding by one state of a preponderance of power in the international system, so that it can single-handedly dominate the rules and arrangements by which international political and economic relations are conducted. Hitler becomes chancellor - ANSWER-1933 - he suspended the constitution, forcibly suppressed all political opposition and brought the Nazis to power. He enforced policies with a brutal secret police (the Gestapo) and formed concentration camps for the organized murder of Jews, Gypsies and political opponents. Hitler's aggressive foreign policy precipitated World War II in 1939. Although he had remarkable early success in the war, by 1942 the tide had turned. Hitler apparently committed suicide in an air-raid shelter in Berlin in 1945, after the Allied forces had invaded Germany. home country - ANSWER-state where a multinational corporation has its headquarters host country - ANSWER-state in which a foreign multinational corporation operates How does Osama bin Laden translate? - ANSWER-Osama, son of Laden. human rights - ANSWER-Rights of all persons to be free from abuses such as torture or imprisonment for their political beliefs (political and civil rights), and to enjoy certain minimum economic and social protections (economic and social rights). hypothesis - ANSWER-A tentative explanation for a phenomenon used as a basis for further investigation idealism - ANSWER-An approach that emphasizes international law, morality, and international organization, rather than power alone, as key influences on international relations. identity - ANSWER-a principle for solving collective goods by changing participants' preferences based on their shared sense of belonging to a community identity politics - ANSWER-political activity and ideas based on the shared experiences of an ethnic, religious, or social group emphasizing gaining power and benefits for the group rather than pursuing ideological or universal or even statewide goals ideology - ANSWER-guiding principles for a government/economic system. It defines what the nature and role of government should be and prescribes the main goals the people and society should pursue. illiberal regime - ANSWER-rule by elected leadership through procedures of questionable democratic legitimacy. immigration law - ANSWER-National laws that establish the conditions under which foreigners may travel and visit within a state’s territory, work within the state, and sometimes become citizens of the state (naturalization). imperialism - ANSWER-the practice of one nation-state taking control of nations and territory of other countries Indus River Treaty - ANSWER-States that the Indus and all tributaries must flow unblocked to the ocean industrial policy - ANSWER-a government's decisions and actions, which define goals and methods for the manufacturing sectors of an economy industrial sector - ANSWER-that part of the economy which manufactures finished and secondary products information screens - ANSWER-the subconscious or unconscious filters through which people put the information coming in about the world around them inputs - ANSWER-demands and support by individuals and groups upon the policymaking process of government interdependence - ANSWER-a situation, brought about by specialization and/or limited resources, in which nation-states rely on one another for economic resources, goods, and services and political assets such as security and stability interest aggregation - ANSWER-ways in which demands of citizens and groups are amalgamated into proposed policy packages (e.g., leadership, political parties, etc. interest articulation - ANSWER-the methods by which citizens and groups can express their desires and make demands upon government (e.g., political participation, lobbying, protest, etc.) interest group - ANSWER-any organization that seeks to influence government policy making to better serve the self-perceived wants and needs of its members International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination - ANSWER-The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, another of the primary international human rights treaties, provides that states parties shall avoid the practice or sponsorship of racial discrimination including "any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, color, descent or national or ethnic origin" which has the effect of nullifying or impairing the exercise of basic human rights in any field of public life (Article 1). The Convention also establishes the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination to monitor and report on state compliance. Entered into force in 1969, the Convention had 170 state parties in 2006. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights - ANSWER-The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) is one of the basic documents contained in the International Bill of Human Rights, along with its two optional Protocols (which provide for a complaints mechanism to address violations and for elimination of the death penalty, neither of which have been ratified by the United States). The ICCPR enumerates the core principles that underlie legal rights and the rights of due process for accused persons. It specifies that individuals have on an equal basis the right to life, freedom from cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention, freedom of movement and freedom of religion and expression, among many others. The Convention established the Human Rights Committee to monitor state compliance. Entered into force in 1976, it had 156 state parties as of 2006. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights - ANSWER-The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights is one of the basic documents contained in the International Bill of Human Rights. Article 1 states that "All peoples have the right of self-determination, including the right to determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development." The Convenant also affirms individuals' rights to food, work, housing and education. The Covenant, entered into force in 1976, does not count the United States as a signatory. International Criminal Court (ICC) - ANSWER-Permanent tribunal for war crimes and crimes against humanity. international norms - ANSWER-The expectations held by participants about normal relations among states. international political economy - ANSWER-the study of the politics of trade, monetary, & other economic relations among nations, & their connection to other transnational forces international regime - ANSWER-A set of rules, norms, and procedures around which the expectations of actors converge in a certain international issue area (such as oceans or monetary policy). international relations (IR) - ANSWER-The relationships among the world’s state governments and the connection of those relationships with other actors (such as the United Nations, multinational corporations, and individuals), with other social relationships (including economics, culture, and domestic politics), and with geographic and historical influences. international security - ANSWER-a subfield of IR that focuses on questions of war and peace international system - ANSWER-the set of relationships among the world's states structured by certain rules & patterns of interaction intervening variable - ANSWER-a factor influenced by an independent variable that affects the changes in a dependent variable interventionist - ANSWER-describing an activist government and/or state that is involved in a wide range of political, economic, and social arenas Iran & Iraq (Gulf) - ANSWER-Dispute over access to the Gulf. In the Algiers Accord, Iraq gave up the territory to Iran. Iran-Iraq War - ANSWER-: Saddam Hussein attempted to gain more land. The US backed Iran. iron triangle - ANSWER-mutually beneficial relationships between private interests, bureaucrats, and legislators--sometimes called an "integrated elite" irredentism - ANSWER-A form of nationalism whose goal is the regaining of territory lost to another state; it can lead directly to violent interstate conflicts. Is islamic society patriarchal, or matriarchal? - ANSWER-patriarchal. Islam, Muslims - ANSWER-A broad and diverse world religion whose divergent populations include Sunni Muslims, Shiite Muslims, and many smaller branches and sects, practiced by Muslims, from Nigeria to Indonesia, centered in the Middle East. Israel vs. Lebanon - ANSWER-Israel has invaded Lebanon 3 times, most recently in 2006 issue areas - ANSWER-Distinct spheres of international activity (such as global trade negotiations) within which policy makers of various states face conflicts and sometimes achieve cooperation. Japanese occupation of Manchuria - ANSWER-1931 - Japan occupied Manchuria in 1931â€"32, when Chinese military resistance, sapped by civil war, was weak. The seizure of Manchuria was, in effect, an unofficial declaration of war on China. Manchuria was a base for Japanese aggression in N China and a buffer region for Japanese-controlled Korea. In 1932, under the aegis of Japan, Manchuria with Rehe prov. was constituted Manchukuo, a nominally independent state. During World War II the Japanese developed the Dalian, Anshan, Fushun, Shenyang, and Harbin areas into a huge industrial complex of metallurgical, coal, petroleum, and chemical industries. Soviet forces, which occupied Manchuria from July, 1945, to May, 1946, dismantled and removed over half of the Manchurian industrial plant. Katyn forest massacre - ANSWER-1940 - Mass killing of Polish military officers by the Soviet Union in World War II. After the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (1939) and Germany's defeat of Poland, Soviet forces occupied eastern Poland and interned thousands of Polish military personnel. After the German invasion of the Soviet Union (1941), the Polish government-in-exile agreed to cooperate with the Soviets against Germany, and the Polish general forming the new army asked to have the Polish prisoners placed under his command, but the Soviet government informed him in December 1941 that most of those prisoners had escaped to Manchuria and could not be located. Kuril Islands - ANSWER-Russia took posession of the islands after the Russo-Japanese War but they are still in dispute. Kwame Nkrumah - ANSWER-Nationalist leader and president of Ghana (1960â€"66). Nkrumah worked as a teacher before going to the U.S. to study literature and socialism (1935â€"45). In 1949 he formed the Convention People's Party, which advocated nonviolent protests, strikes, and noncooperation with the British authorities. Elected prime minister of the Gold Coast (1952â€"60) and then president of independent Ghana, Nkrumah advanced a policy of Africanization and built new roads, schools, and health facilities. After 1960 he devoted much of his time to the Pan-African movement, at the expense of Ghana's economy. Following an attempted coup in 1962, he increased authoritarian controls, withdrew from public life, increased contacts with communist countries, and wrote works on political philosophy. With the country facing economic ruin, he was deposed in 1966 while visiting Beijing. lateral pressure (theory of) - ANSWER-It holds that the economic and population growth of states fuels geographic expansion as they seek natural resources beyond their borders, which in turn leads to conflicts and sometimes to war. Law of the Sea Convention - ANSWER-Officially known as the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), this agreement was opened for signature in 1982 and entered into force in 1994. As of June 2006, 149 countries had signed on to the Convention. Seeking to govern the peaceful use of the seas, the measure covers deep sea drilling, straits used for international navigation, the oceanic rights of landlocked nations and many other aspects of international oceanic interaction. The United States is not an official signatory to the Law of the Sea Convention, but adheres to most of its provisions. The main point of disagreement heretofore has been the limits on deep sea drilling. However, with support from both the White House and the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, in 2006 the United States appeared close to acceding to UNCLOS. League of Nations Mandate System - ANSWER-Used to categorize states after WWI based on their readiness for independence legitimacy - ANSWER-the belief that a regime is a proper one and that the government has a right to exercise authority Lend Lease - ANSWER-1941 â€" arrangement for the transfer of war supplies, including food, machinery, and services, to nations whose defense was considered vital to the defense of the United States in World War II. The Lend-Lease Act, passed (1941) by the U.S. Congress, gave the President power to sell, transfer, lend, or lease such war materials. Originally intended for China and Britain, though the USSR was added later. Liancourt Rocks - ANSWER-Aka Dokdo. Disputed between Japan and South Korea in the Sea of Japan. liberal democracy - ANSWER-A political system that promotes participation, competition, and liberty and emphasizes individual freedom and civil rights. Liberal Democrats - ANSWER-Most disadvantaged party because of the British FPTP/SMD Liberal feminism - ANSWER-emphasizes gender equality & views the "essential" differences in men's & women's abilities/perspectives as trivial or nonexistent liberalism - ANSWER-An ideology and political system that favors a limited state role in society and the economy, and places a high priority on individual political and economic freedom. limited war - ANSWER-Military actions that seek objectives short of the surrender and occupation of the enemy lobbying - ANSWER-the process of talking with legislators or officials to influence their decisions on some set of issues Locarno, Pact of - ANSWER-1925 - Multilateral treaty signed in Locarno, Switz., intended to guarantee peace in western Europe. Its signatories were Belgium, Britain, France, Germany, and Italy. Germany's borders with France and Belgium as set by the Treaty of Versailles were decreed inviolable, but its eastern borders were not. Britain promised to defend Belgium and France. Other provisions included mutual defense pacts between France and Poland and between France and Czechoslovakia. The treaty led to the Allied troops' departure from the Rhineland by 1930, five years ahead of schedule. See also Kellogg-Briand Pact. logic of appropriateness - ANSWER-"How should I behave in this situation?" logic of consequences - ANSWER-"What will happen to me if I behave this way?" London Naval Treaty - ANSWER-1930 - Two conferences in London sought to continue and extend naval armaments pacts initially agreed upon at the Washington Naval Conference of 1921â€"1922. At this conference, the United States, Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy agreed on ratios for battleship and aircraft carrier tonnage in a successful effort to halt what might have been an expensive arms race; the resulting treaty also allowed the British to let the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of 1902 terminate. Britain thus avoided being caught in a possible future Japanese-American conflict as an ally of each power. Louisa Reef - ANSWER-Disputed between Malaysia and Brunei; Brunei claims an EEZ around the reef. Lusitania - ANSWER-1915 â€" British liner sunk off the Irish coast by a German submarine on May 7, 1915. 1,198 people lost their lives, 128 of whom were U.S. citizens. A warning to Americans against taking passage on British vessels, signed by the Imperial German Embassy, appeared in morning papers on the day the vessel was scheduled to sail from New York, but too late to accomplish its purpose. The vessel was unarmed, though the Germans made a point of the fact that it carried munitions for the Allies. Maastricht Treaty - ANSWER-The most significant agreement in the recent history of the EU - signed by leaders of the EU's 12 member countries in 1991 and outlines steps toward further political-economic integration. manchukou - ANSWER-1932 - Puppet state created in 1932 by Japan out of the three historic provinces of Manchuria (northeastern China). After the Russo-Japanese War (1895), Japan gained control of the Russian-built South Manchurian Railway, and its army established a presence in the region; expansion there was seen as necessary for Japan's status as an emerging world power. In 1931 the Japanese army created an excuse to attack Chinese troops there, and in 1932 Manchukuo was proclaimed an “independent†state. The last Qing emperor was brought out of retirement and made Manchukuo's ruler, but the state was actually rigidly controlled by the Japanese, who used it as their base for expansion into Asia. An underground guerrilla movement composed of Manchurian soldiers, armed civilians, and Chinese communists opposed the occupying Japanese, many of whom had come over to settle in the new colony. After Japan's defeat in 1945 the settlers were repatriated. Massive Retaliation - ANSWER-1954 â€" U.S. nuclear strategy under Eisenhower. Eisenhower’s Secretary of State John Foster Dulles said in a speech on January 12, 1954, to the Council on Foreign Relations: 'Local defense must be reinforced by the further deterrent of massive retaliatory power.' Mayotte - ANSWER-Part of the Comoros Islands. It is the only Catholic island; recently voted to become the 5th overseas department of France. mediation - ANSWER-The use of a third party (or parties) in conflict resolution. merchandise trade - ANSWER-The import and export of tangible manufactured goods and raw materials. Merchants of Death - ANSWER-book of the 1930s which attributed U.S. entry into World War I to the influence of northeastern business interests who wanted to sell Britain arms. middle powers - ANSWER-States that rank somewhat below the great powers in terms of their influence on world affairs (for example, Brazil and India). militarism - ANSWER-The glorification of war, military force, and violence. military-industrial complex - ANSWER-a huge interlocking network of governmental agencies, industrial corporations, and research institutions, working together to supply a nation's military forces misperceptions - ANSWER-mistaken processing of the available information about a decision; one of several ways-along with affective & cognitive bias-in which individual decision making diverges from the rational model modernization theory - ANSWER-A theory asserting that as societies developed they monetarism - ANSWER-A theory holding that economic variations within a given system, such as changing rates of inflation, are most often caused by increases or decreases in the money supply; A policy that seeks to regulate an economy by altering the domestic money supply, especially by increasing it in a moderate but steady manner ( definition) monetary relations - ANSWER-The entire scope of int'l money issues, such as exchange rates, interest rates, loan policies, balance of payments and regulating institutions (for example, the IMF). multiple causality - ANSWER-the simultaneous effects of a number of independent and intervening variables that bring about changes in dependent variables Name some countries with a federalist system of government. - ANSWER-Switzerland, US, Belgium, Germany, Canada. Name some elements of national power. - ANSWER-Size, location, climate, topography of a national territory, natural resources and production, population and demographics, size and efficiency of industry, extent/effectiveness of transportation and the media, science and technology, military, political economic and social system, quality of diplomacy, policies/attitudes of leadership, national character/moale. nation - ANSWER-A group of people bound together by a common set of political aspirations. national debt or surplus - ANSWER-the historic total of yearly government budgetary deficits and surpluses for a nation-state national interest - ANSWER-The interests of a state overall (as opposed to particular parties or factions within the state). nationalization - ANSWER-the process of making the government the owner of productive resources nation-states - ANSWER-states whose population share a sense of national identity, usually including a language & culture naturalist school of law - ANSWER-Humans, by nature, have certain rights and obligations. Lockian thought. negative correlation - ANSWER-an inverse association between two variables. As one variable become larger, the other one becomes smaller. negotiation - ANSWER-The process of formal bargaining, usually with the parties talking back and forth across a table. neocolonialism - ANSWER-The notion that EDCs continue to control and exploit LDCs through indirect means, such as economic dominance and co-opting the local elite. neocorporatism - ANSWER-A system of social democratic policy making in which a limited number of organizations representing business and labor work with the state to set economic policy. neo-imperialism - ANSWER-a pejorative label given to a variety of attempts to achieve hegemony over other nations; some people tend to use the term to describe the use of corporate power and wealth to gain influence in Third World countries; others use it to describe attempts by international organizations to impose change upon rich and powerful nations neoliberalism - ANSWER-Shorthand for “neoliberal institutionalismâ€, an approach that stresses the importance of international institutions in reducing the inherent conflict that realists assume in an international system; the reasoning is based on the core liberal idea that seeking long-term mutual gains is often more rational than maximizing individual short-term gains. neorealism - ANSWER-A version of realist theory that emphasizes the influence on state behavior of the system’s structure, especially the international distribution of power. Neutrality act - ANSWER-"1937 - a law that unsuccessfully attempted to keep the United States out of international conflicts, including civil wars. Major provisions included: a prohibition of exporting arms to belligerent nations, a ban on loans to belligerents, except short-term credits, American citizens were prohibited from travelling on belligerent vessels, American ships trading with belligerents were required to remain unarmed, American ships wer