Summary BGZ2025 Use it or lose it

Summary use it or lose it – BGZ2025
Inhoud
Case 1 muscles, movements and contractions ....................................................................................... 2
Case 2 anatomy of muscle, muscle fibers and muscle contraction / Anatomy of bone, types of bone
and bone growth ................................................................................................................................... 35
Case 3 RER, energy supply systems and muscle fatigue ....................................................................... 65
Case 4 cardiovascular and respirator system and their acute response during exercise ..................... 73
Case 5 physical activity, fitness, exercise and training and their principles.......................................... 86
Case 6 resistance training, muscle growth and recommendations ...................................................... 99
Case 7 protein metabolism and adaptations after aerobic training in cardiovascular, muscle and
pulmonary systems ............................................................................................................................. 107
Case 8 measuring physical fitness and the pros and cons. ................................................................. 124
Case 9 validity and reliability, the scienfitic approach of measuring physical activity and fitness ..... 130
Case 10 physical activity and health.................................................................................................... 142
Case 11 diabetes and cardiovascular disease and training ................................................................. 143
Toets inzage ......................................................................................................................................... 148
Example questions from lecture ......................................................................................................... 155

, Case 1 muscles, movements and contractions

Terminology:
Term Definition Example

Superior (cranial) Toward the head or upper part of a The head is superior to the abdomen
structure (above)

Cranialis = towards the head

Inferior (caudal) Toward the lower part of a structure
(below) The navel is inferior to the chin

Caudalis = towards the tail

Anterior Towards or at the front of the body (in
(ventral)* front of) The breastbone is anterior to the spine


Posterior Towards or at the back of the body
(dorsal)* (behind)
The heart is posterior to the breastbone

Medial Toward or at the midline of the body
(On the inner side) The heart is medial to the arm



Lateral Away from the midline of the body (On
the outer side) The arms are lateral to the chest



Proximal Closer to the origin of the body part or
the point of attachment of a limb to the The elbow is proximal to the wrist
body trunk



Distal Further from the origin of the body part
or the point of attachment of a limb to The knee is distal to the thigh
the body trunk


*the terms anterior and ventral are synonymous in humans but not in four-legged animals.
Same goes for dorsal and posterior.

,Dexter = right
Sinister = left




Planes and axes
The anatomical position is the point of reference for all movements.




There are three planes of motion that pass through the human body. Movements take place in
planes.
 The sagittal plane  lies vertically and divides the body into right and left parts. The mid-
sagittal plane (median plane) divides the body into equal left and right halves.
 The frontal plane (coronal)  Lies vertically and divides the body into anterior and posterior
parts. Parallel to the forehead, passes through the body from side to side.
 The transversal plane (horizontal)  lies horizontally and divides the body into superior and
inferior parts. Cross-sectional plan that divides the body into upper and lower portions.

,
,An axis is a straight line around which an object rotates. Movement at a joint takes place in a plane
about an axis. There are three axes of rotation. Movement takes place around an axis.
 Sagittal axis (horizontal)  Passes horizontally from posterior to anterior and is formed by
the intersection of the sagittal and transverse planes. From front – back.
 Vertical or longitudinal axis  passes vertically from inferior to superior and is formed by
the intersection of the sagittal and frontal planes.
 Frontal or transverse axis (horizontal)  passes horizontally from inferior to superior and is
formed by the intersection of the sagittal and frontal planes. From side to side.

,Types of movements:
 Flexion  occurs in the sagittal plane. A movement that decreases the angle between two
body parts.
 Extension  occurs in the sagittal plane. A movement that increases the angle between two
body parts.

 Abduction  a movement away from the midline. E.g. abduction of the shoulder raises the
arms out of the sides of the body.
 Adduction  a movement towards the midline. Adduction of the hip squeezes the legs
together.

 Elevation  a movement in a superior direction (e.g. shoulder shrug)
 Depression  a movement in an inferior direction.

, Muscles (function, origin, insertion etc.)
The directions of the fibers determine which movement the muscle makes.
 A muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produces flexion
 A muscle that crosses on the posterior side of a joint produces extension
 A muscle that crosses on the lateral side of a joint produces abduction
 A muscle that crosses on the medial side of a joint produces adduction

These generalities do not apply to the knee and ankle because the lower limb is rotated during
development. The muscles that cross these joints posteriorly produce flexion, and those that cross
anteriorly produce extension.

The origin of a muscle is the proximal point where the muscle attaches to a bone and is also the least
movable part of the muscle. The insertion of a muscle is the distal point where the muscle attaches
to a bone and is also the most movable part of the muscle.