Pathophysiology Exam 2 Rasmussen University Winter 2021 latest update with 100% correct answers already graded A+

Gastritis an inflammation of the stomachs mucosal lining. It can involve the entire stomach or a region. Manifestations: Include indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain, abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, and malaise. Hematemesis and dark, tarry stools can indicate ulceration and bleeding. Causes: excessive alcohol use, chronic vomiting, stress, or certain medications such as aspirin or anti- inflammatory drugs. Can also be caused by H. pylori- bacteria that lives in lining of stomach, bile reflux, or infections. Acute gastritis Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it can be a severe ulceration with hemorrhage Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be accompanied by nausea and epigastric pain Chronic gastritis Develops gradually. May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied by a dull epigastric pain and a sensation of fullness after minimal intake. Can be further categorized as erosive or nonerosive. Complications: peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and hemorrhage gastritis Treatment Acute is often self-limiting and resolves within 3 days. Treatment strategies for acute vary depending on the underlying etiology (e.g., antibiotics). Treatment strategies for chronic include etiology-specific interventions, antacids, acid-reducing agents, and mucosal barrier agents. Gastroenteritis Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually because of an infection or allergic reaction GERD gastroesophageal reflux disease- where chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus. Causes: are certain foods like chocolate, caffeine, carbonated bevs, citrus fruit, tomatoes, spicy or fatty foods, peppermint, alcohol, nicotine, obesity, pregnancy, and certain medications. Complications: overtime the reflux of stomach acid damages the tissue lining of the esophagus and can lead to permanent damage of it and even cancer. PUD, Peptic ulcer disease lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum. Vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete penetration through the GI tract wall Develops because of an imbalance between destructive forces and protective mechanisms Manifestations: epigastric or abdominal pain, abdominal cramping, heartburn, indigestion, nausea, and vomiting Duodenal ulcers • Most commonly associated with excessive acid or H. pylori infections • Typically present with epigastric pain that is relieved in the presence of food Gastric ulcers • Less frequent but more deadly. • Typically associated with malignancy and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. • Pain typically worsens with eating. Stress ulcers • Develop because of a major physiological stressor on the body due to local tissue ischemia, tissue acidosis, bile salts entering the stomach, and decreased GI motility. Curling's ulcers stress ulcers associated with burns Cushing's ulcers stress ulcers associated with head injuries H. pylori PUD is most commonly caused by h. Pylori infection or due to NSAIDS use. If left untreated it can turn into PUD pseudomembranous colitis C. Diff swelling or inflammation of the large intestine (colon) due to an overgrowth of Clostridioides difficile (C difficile) bacteria. This infection is a common cause of diarrhea after antibiotic use. also called antibiotic-associated colitis or C. difficile colitis Signs and symptoms- watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, It is treated with antibiotics that target the infection. Appendicitis is inflammation of the vermiform appendix caused by infection Symptoms are pain near right quadrant of the abdomen, nausea, vomiting, fever, chills, abdominal distention, and bowel pattern changes. • Sharp abdominal pain develops, gradually intensifies (over about 12-24 hours), and becomes localized to the lower right quadrant of the abdomen (McBurney point). • Complications: abscesses, peritonitis, gangrene, and death. • Treatment • Surgery, either laparoscopic or open, and may include extensive irrigation. • Drainage tubes. • Long-term antibiotic therapy. • Analgesics. • Avoid activities that increase intra-abdominal pressure (e.g., straining and coughing). Diverticular Disease development of diverticula, outwardly bulging pouches of the intestinal wall that occur when mucosa sections or large intestine submucosa layers herniate through a weakened muscular layer. The muscular wall can become weakened from the prolonged effort of moving hard stools. • Manifestations: abdominal cramping followed by passing a large quantity of frank blood, low-grade fever, abdominal tenderness (usually left lower quadrant), abdominal distension, constipation, obstipation, nausea, vomiting, palpable abdominal mass, and leukocytosis • Treatment: high-fiber diet, omitting foods with seeds or popcorn, decreased food intake when active bleeding is present, adequate hydration, proper bowel habits (e.g., defecating when urge is sensed and not straining), stool softeners, antibiotics, analgesics, colon resection, and blood transfusions Diverticulosis Asymptomatic diverticular disease, usually with multiple diverticula present Diverticulitis - Diverticula have become inflamed, usually because of retained fecal matter - Can result in potentially fatal obstructions, infection, abscess, perforation, peritonitis, hemorrhage, and shock bowel obstructions Blockage of intestinal contents in the small intestine or large intestine Can develop either suddenly or gradually and can be either partial or complete