D115 master set-Advanced Pathophysiology for the Advanced Practice Nurse exam questions and answers

Sex-Linked recessive. Since males only have one X and one Y, if the affected chromosome has the illness, it will be expressed. Which type of genetic disease affects males more frequently than females? Intellectual disability and fetal miscarriage. Chromosome abnormalities are the leading known cause of intellectual disability and fetal miscarriage. In which two conditions are chromosomal abnormalities the leading known cause? Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), amniocentesis, and preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) are examples of prenatal diagnostic studies and are performed in vitro. CVS is a form of genetic testing that provides genetic information found in utero and is usually performed between weeks 11 and 14 of pregnancy. An amniocentesis is a form of genetic testing that evaluates amniotic fluid and is usually performed during the second trimester, between weeks 15 and 20 of pregnancy. PGT is performed on the embryo prior to implantation. What are three examples of prenatal diagnostic studies? Cri du chat syndrome (translated as "cry of the cat") is caused by a DNA deletion. This term describes the cry often heard from a baby affected by the syndrome. Cri du chat syndrome can present as a microcephalic, low birth-weight baby with a piercing cry. Which genetic disorder is characterized by the presence of a zygote having one chromosome with a normal complement of genes and one chromosome with a missing gene? The disease can be transmitted through female carriers. Since females have two copies of the X chromosome, the mother may provide an unaffected X to a daughter or son. Furthermore, a daughter may not show signs of the disease because she has the other X (the only X the father can give to a female) to cancel it out. How can an X-linked recessive disease skip generations? Relative risk is a ratio of probability, not an actual occurrence of disease. Which type of risk is referred to as the ratio of the disease rate among the entire population to the disease rate in an unexposed population? Many factors from lifestyle to genetics affect multifactorial diseases. Observation and evaluation of each case individually provides the most thorough and accurate assessment. What are the empirical risks for most multifactorial diseases based on? The imprinted gene is the silent gene of a gene pair. What refers to the silenced gene of a gene pair. The underlying chronic illness exists. A generalized inflammatory response seen in chronic illness depletes the body's reserves to fight against illness. What is the primary reason that some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing? Eosinophils are the body's primary defense against parasites. Which cells are the body's primary defense against parasite invasion? Macrophages work by eating or phagocytosing bacteria. What Phagocytes bacteria? Helper T cells What is the first response to a foreign pathogen? Immunogenicity is primarily based on the ability to recognize something foreign. Which characteristic is the most important determinant of immunogenicity when considering the antigen? The complement pathway is activated in response to blood incompatibility. How are erythrocytes destroyed when mismatched blood is administered, causing an ABO incompatibility? An immediate (type I) hypersensitivity reaction causes atopic dermatitis. What is the hypersensitivity reaction that causes atopic dermatitis? Infection with a fungus is called mycosis and includes dermatophytes (e.g., tineas, which refers to several skin mycoses, including ringworm and athlete's foot) and yeasts, which include candida and aspergillus. Which four infections are considered fungal infections? Lab testing can detect HIV RNA 4 to 10 days after sexual transmission, whereas HIV antibody testing may take 23 to 90 days to result in a positive test. Repeat testing may be needed to rule out a false negative test due to testing too soon after exposure, especially if a high likelihood of exposure is suspected. When is the earliest after sexual transmission of HIV that lab results can detect infection? Exotoxins are released during bacterial growth. What is a characteristic of exotoxins? The results of decreased fat consumption have been widely studied and have demonstrated a decreased risk of developing colon cancer. Which dietary lifestyle choice has been associated with a decreased risk for developing colon cancer? Asbestos exposure results in an increased risk of lung and lung lining cancer. Which cancer is an individual who has worked with asbestos for over 40 years most likely to develop? UV light causes basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma when the UVB rays hit DNA strands, causing thymine base pairs that are side by side to pair together, becoming thymine dimers. These thymine dimers lead to cell death or cancer. Which statement is true regarding ultraviolet (UV) light? The degree of damage is not affected by the light's wavelength. Exercise-induced myokines cause apoptosis of colon cancer cells. Which cancer does exercise have a convincing impact on reducing? TRUE By providing patient education at the appropriate literacy level, improved health outcomes may result. Low healthcare literacy is recognized as a major risk factor in blood pressure control and has been shown to have adverse effects on health outcomes. true or false True Ensuring the individual can understand all elements of a treatment plan is crucial for understanding and compliance. One of the goals of the National Action Plan to Improve Health Literacy is to incorporate research and evidence-based plans of treatment from childhood through university-level education in a manner consistent with an individual's literacy level. True or false Low literacy often leads to perceived noncompliance to medical instructions, including medication instructions. Ensuring the patient fully understands all instructions is critical for understanding. What is a red flag for low healthcare literacy? Those who have a family history of genetic disorders Amniocentesis is recommended for pregnant women with certain health histories. Which health history would result in an amniocentesis recommendation? Regulation of appetite-Research has shown that genetic mutations may cause alterations in the regulation of appetite. Studies have identified several genes that play a role in the prevention of obesity. What do these genes influence? Prevalence tells us how often disease is seen in a population, which includes all people with the disease at a given time, at any stage in the disease progression. Which concept is data reporting that sickle cell disease affects approximately 1 in 600 black Americans an example of? Prader-Willi syndrome is caused by a disorder of a portion of chromosome 15. Normally, a portion of this chromosome is inherited from both parents. With Prader-Willi syndrome, the chromosome inherited from the father is problematic. What describes a chromosomal defect caused by Prader-Willi syndrome?