Disorder Epidemiology Symptoms Causes Treatments
Anxiety Disorders
Generalized • Prevalence: 4.5% of the 1. For 6 months or more, person experiences • Sociocultural • Psychodynamic therapies
Anxiety Disorder Dutch population disproportionate, uncontrollable, and ➢ Ongoing dangerous societal conditions ➢ Free association
• Age of onset: 30; seldom ongoing anxiety and worry about multiple • Psychodynamic ➢ Interpretation of transference,
before adolescence matters. ➢ Early developmental experiences and resistance, and dreams
• Sex differences: women > 2. The symptoms include at least three of the inadequate child-parent relationships • Client-centered therapy
men, 2:1 following: ➢ Weak ego defense mechanisms • Cognitive-behavioral therapy
• Comorbidity: depression, Edginess, fatigue, poor concentration, • Humanistic ➢ Rational-emotive therapy
other anxiety disorders; irritability, muscle tension, sleep problems. ➢ Don’t look at themselves honestly and ➢ Acceptance and commitment
in men substance use 3. Significant distress or impairment. acceptingly therapy
and addictive disorders ➢ Lack of unconditional positive regard, • Biological
conditions of worth ➢ Sedative-hypnotic drugs
• Cognitive-behavioral ➢ Antidepressants
➢ Maladaptive assumptions ➢ Antipsychotics
➢ Metacognitive theory
➢ Intolerance of uncertainty theory
➢ Avoidance theory
• Biological
➢ Hyperactive fear circuit
Specific Phobia • Prevalence: 8% of Dutch 1. Marked, persistent, and disproportionate • Classical conditioning • Exposure treatment
population ever in life fear of a particular object or situation; • Modeling • Systematic desensitization
• Age of onset: usually in usually lasting at least 6 months. • Behavioral-evolutionary explanation ➢ Relaxation training
childhood (7-11) 2. Exposure to the object produces immediate ➢ Preparedness ➢ Fear hierarchy
• Sex differences: women > fear. • Brain ➢ In vivo desensitization
men, 2:1 3. Avoidance of the feared situations. ➢ Overactive amygdala ➢ Covert desensitization
• Comorbidity: depression 4. Significant distress or impairment. • Posttraumatic experience • Flooding
and other disorders in • Modeling
adulthood ➢ Participant modeling
Agoraphobia • Prevalence: 1% of Dutch 1. Pronounced, disproportionate, or repeated • Brain • Help clients to venture farther and
population ever in life fear about being in at least two of the ➢ Amygdala farther from home
• Age of onset: late following situations: ➢ Overstimulation of subcortical systems • Support group approach
adolescence/ young • Public transportation (e.g. auto or (see panic disorder) • Home-based self-help programs
adulthood plane travel) • Principles of learning
• Parking lots, bridges, or other open ➢ Exteroceptive conditioning
spaces ➢ Operant conditioning
, Disorder Epidemiology Symptoms Causes Treatments
• Sex differences: male and • Shops, theaters, or other confined
female comorbidity spaces
patterns are different • Lines or crowds
• Comorbidity: other • Away from home unaccompanied
anxiety disorders 2. Fear of such agoraphobic situations derives
precede (women); from a concern that it would be hard to
depressive disorder, escape or get help if panic, embarrassment,
PTSD, substance use and or disabling symptoms were to occur.
addictive disorders are 3. Avoidance of the agoraphobic situation.
secondary (men) 4. Symptoms usually continue for at least 6
months.
5. Significant distress or impairment.
Social Anxiety • Prevalence: 8-9% of the 1. Pronounced, disproportionate, and • Dysfunctional beliefs and expectations • Reduce social fears
Disorder Dutch population ever in repeated anxiety about social situation(s) in regarding the social realm ➢ Medication
life which the individual could be exposed to • Avoidance behaviors ➢ CBT (exposure therapy,
• Age of onset: Childhood possible scrutiny by others; typically lasting • Other factors challenging maladaptive
or adolescence (8-15) 6 months or more. ➢ Genetic predispositions beliefs)
• Sex differences: Women 2. Fear of being negatively evaluated by or ➢ Trait tendencies ➢ Relaxation exercises
> men offensive to others. ➢ Biological abnormalities • Social skills training
• Comorbidity: Other 3. Exposure to the social situation almost ➢ Traumatic childhood experiences • Mindfulness and task concentration
anxiety disorders, always produces anxiety. ➢ Overprotective parent-child interactions training
depressive disorder, 4. Avoidance of feared situations. • Cognitive bias modification
substance use and 5. Significant distress or impairment.
addictive disorders
Panic Disorder • Prevalence: 4% of the 1. Unforeseen panic attacks occur repeatedly. • Biological • Drug therapy
Dutch population ever in 2. One or more of the attacks precedes either ➢ Locus Coeruleus and irregular ➢ Antidepressants
life of the following symptoms: norepinephrine activity ➢ Benzodiazepines
• Age of onset: End of a. At least one month of a continual ➢ Hyperreactive noradrenergic system ➢ MAOIs
puberty to 25 concern about having additional ➢ Hypoactive serotonin and • Cognitive-behavioral therapy
• Sex differences: Women attacks. benzodiazepine system ➢ Panic management (CT-
> men, 2:1 b. At least one month of dysfunctional ➢ Panic circuit package, panic control
• Comorbidity: Other behavior changes associated with the • Cognitive-behavioral treatment, applied
anxiety disorders (esp. attacks (for example, avoiding new ➢ Sensitivity to bodily sensations relaxation)
agoraphobia), depressive experiences). ➢ Catastrophic misinterpretations ➢ Exposure
disorder, bipolar ➢ Anxiety sensitivity ➢ Change misinterpretations
, Disorder Epidemiology Symptoms Causes Treatments
disorder, possibly mild 3. The attacks feature at least 4 of the
alcohol use disorder following symptoms:
• Palpitations of the heart
• Tingling in the hands or feet
• Shortness of breath
• Sweating
• Hot and cold flashes
• Trembling
• Chest pains
• Choking sensations
• Faintness
• Feeling of unreality
Obsessive- • Prevalence: 1% of the 1. Occurrence of repeated obsessions, • Psychodynamic • Psychodynamic
Compulsive Dutch population ever in compulsions, or both. ➢ Id impulses and defense ➢ Uncover and overcome
Disorder life 2. The obsessions or compulsions take up mechanisms underlying conflicts and
• Age of onset: often considerable time. • Cognitive-behavioral defenses
during childhood, but 3. Significant distress or impairment. ➢ Cognitive distortions (selective • Cognitive-behavioral
also later perceptions, all-or-nothing ➢ Identify and challenge
• Sex differences: boys > thinking, catastrophizing) cognitions
girls (childhood), women ➢ Classical conditioning (neutral ➢ Exposure and response
> men (adulthood) stimulus is associated with fear) prevention
• Comorbidity: anxiety ➢ Operant conditioning (intrusive • Biological
disorders, depressive thoughts are neutralized by action; ➢ Antidepressant drugs
disorder, bipolar reinforcement of compulsions) ➢ Deep brain stimulation
disorder, obsessive- ➢ Blame themselves for intrusive
compulsive personality thoughts
disorder ➢ High standards of conduct/
morality
➢ Thought-action fusion
• Biological
➢ Gene abnormalities
➢ Hyperactive Cortico-striato-
thalamo-cortical circuit
➢ Disrupted amygdala functioning
Anxiety Disorders
Generalized • Prevalence: 4.5% of the 1. For 6 months or more, person experiences • Sociocultural • Psychodynamic therapies
Anxiety Disorder Dutch population disproportionate, uncontrollable, and ➢ Ongoing dangerous societal conditions ➢ Free association
• Age of onset: 30; seldom ongoing anxiety and worry about multiple • Psychodynamic ➢ Interpretation of transference,
before adolescence matters. ➢ Early developmental experiences and resistance, and dreams
• Sex differences: women > 2. The symptoms include at least three of the inadequate child-parent relationships • Client-centered therapy
men, 2:1 following: ➢ Weak ego defense mechanisms • Cognitive-behavioral therapy
• Comorbidity: depression, Edginess, fatigue, poor concentration, • Humanistic ➢ Rational-emotive therapy
other anxiety disorders; irritability, muscle tension, sleep problems. ➢ Don’t look at themselves honestly and ➢ Acceptance and commitment
in men substance use 3. Significant distress or impairment. acceptingly therapy
and addictive disorders ➢ Lack of unconditional positive regard, • Biological
conditions of worth ➢ Sedative-hypnotic drugs
• Cognitive-behavioral ➢ Antidepressants
➢ Maladaptive assumptions ➢ Antipsychotics
➢ Metacognitive theory
➢ Intolerance of uncertainty theory
➢ Avoidance theory
• Biological
➢ Hyperactive fear circuit
Specific Phobia • Prevalence: 8% of Dutch 1. Marked, persistent, and disproportionate • Classical conditioning • Exposure treatment
population ever in life fear of a particular object or situation; • Modeling • Systematic desensitization
• Age of onset: usually in usually lasting at least 6 months. • Behavioral-evolutionary explanation ➢ Relaxation training
childhood (7-11) 2. Exposure to the object produces immediate ➢ Preparedness ➢ Fear hierarchy
• Sex differences: women > fear. • Brain ➢ In vivo desensitization
men, 2:1 3. Avoidance of the feared situations. ➢ Overactive amygdala ➢ Covert desensitization
• Comorbidity: depression 4. Significant distress or impairment. • Posttraumatic experience • Flooding
and other disorders in • Modeling
adulthood ➢ Participant modeling
Agoraphobia • Prevalence: 1% of Dutch 1. Pronounced, disproportionate, or repeated • Brain • Help clients to venture farther and
population ever in life fear about being in at least two of the ➢ Amygdala farther from home
• Age of onset: late following situations: ➢ Overstimulation of subcortical systems • Support group approach
adolescence/ young • Public transportation (e.g. auto or (see panic disorder) • Home-based self-help programs
adulthood plane travel) • Principles of learning
• Parking lots, bridges, or other open ➢ Exteroceptive conditioning
spaces ➢ Operant conditioning
, Disorder Epidemiology Symptoms Causes Treatments
• Sex differences: male and • Shops, theaters, or other confined
female comorbidity spaces
patterns are different • Lines or crowds
• Comorbidity: other • Away from home unaccompanied
anxiety disorders 2. Fear of such agoraphobic situations derives
precede (women); from a concern that it would be hard to
depressive disorder, escape or get help if panic, embarrassment,
PTSD, substance use and or disabling symptoms were to occur.
addictive disorders are 3. Avoidance of the agoraphobic situation.
secondary (men) 4. Symptoms usually continue for at least 6
months.
5. Significant distress or impairment.
Social Anxiety • Prevalence: 8-9% of the 1. Pronounced, disproportionate, and • Dysfunctional beliefs and expectations • Reduce social fears
Disorder Dutch population ever in repeated anxiety about social situation(s) in regarding the social realm ➢ Medication
life which the individual could be exposed to • Avoidance behaviors ➢ CBT (exposure therapy,
• Age of onset: Childhood possible scrutiny by others; typically lasting • Other factors challenging maladaptive
or adolescence (8-15) 6 months or more. ➢ Genetic predispositions beliefs)
• Sex differences: Women 2. Fear of being negatively evaluated by or ➢ Trait tendencies ➢ Relaxation exercises
> men offensive to others. ➢ Biological abnormalities • Social skills training
• Comorbidity: Other 3. Exposure to the social situation almost ➢ Traumatic childhood experiences • Mindfulness and task concentration
anxiety disorders, always produces anxiety. ➢ Overprotective parent-child interactions training
depressive disorder, 4. Avoidance of feared situations. • Cognitive bias modification
substance use and 5. Significant distress or impairment.
addictive disorders
Panic Disorder • Prevalence: 4% of the 1. Unforeseen panic attacks occur repeatedly. • Biological • Drug therapy
Dutch population ever in 2. One or more of the attacks precedes either ➢ Locus Coeruleus and irregular ➢ Antidepressants
life of the following symptoms: norepinephrine activity ➢ Benzodiazepines
• Age of onset: End of a. At least one month of a continual ➢ Hyperreactive noradrenergic system ➢ MAOIs
puberty to 25 concern about having additional ➢ Hypoactive serotonin and • Cognitive-behavioral therapy
• Sex differences: Women attacks. benzodiazepine system ➢ Panic management (CT-
> men, 2:1 b. At least one month of dysfunctional ➢ Panic circuit package, panic control
• Comorbidity: Other behavior changes associated with the • Cognitive-behavioral treatment, applied
anxiety disorders (esp. attacks (for example, avoiding new ➢ Sensitivity to bodily sensations relaxation)
agoraphobia), depressive experiences). ➢ Catastrophic misinterpretations ➢ Exposure
disorder, bipolar ➢ Anxiety sensitivity ➢ Change misinterpretations
, Disorder Epidemiology Symptoms Causes Treatments
disorder, possibly mild 3. The attacks feature at least 4 of the
alcohol use disorder following symptoms:
• Palpitations of the heart
• Tingling in the hands or feet
• Shortness of breath
• Sweating
• Hot and cold flashes
• Trembling
• Chest pains
• Choking sensations
• Faintness
• Feeling of unreality
Obsessive- • Prevalence: 1% of the 1. Occurrence of repeated obsessions, • Psychodynamic • Psychodynamic
Compulsive Dutch population ever in compulsions, or both. ➢ Id impulses and defense ➢ Uncover and overcome
Disorder life 2. The obsessions or compulsions take up mechanisms underlying conflicts and
• Age of onset: often considerable time. • Cognitive-behavioral defenses
during childhood, but 3. Significant distress or impairment. ➢ Cognitive distortions (selective • Cognitive-behavioral
also later perceptions, all-or-nothing ➢ Identify and challenge
• Sex differences: boys > thinking, catastrophizing) cognitions
girls (childhood), women ➢ Classical conditioning (neutral ➢ Exposure and response
> men (adulthood) stimulus is associated with fear) prevention
• Comorbidity: anxiety ➢ Operant conditioning (intrusive • Biological
disorders, depressive thoughts are neutralized by action; ➢ Antidepressant drugs
disorder, bipolar reinforcement of compulsions) ➢ Deep brain stimulation
disorder, obsessive- ➢ Blame themselves for intrusive
compulsive personality thoughts
disorder ➢ High standards of conduct/
morality
➢ Thought-action fusion
• Biological
➢ Gene abnormalities
➢ Hyperactive Cortico-striato-
thalamo-cortical circuit
➢ Disrupted amygdala functioning
