Psych 115 Quizzes with 100% Correct Answers Solved

Psych 115 Quizzes with 100% Correct Answers Solved You are listening in on a discussion among a group of psychology majors. One major says that field will only move forward if we use objective methods for understanding the principles that guide publicly observable human actions. This statement is most consistent with behaviourism Your friend claims that a diet change led to weight loss and muscle gain for him, and that you should try it too. Which of the following represents a scientific approach to your friend's claim? Your friend's claim is anecdotal evidence, which could be true or false and requires further testing. A major problem with common-sense proverbs is that they often coexist with their complete opposite. For example, when people talk about dating they might say both "Opposites attract" and "Birds of a feather flock together!" This violates which principle of critical thinking? Falsifiability Critical thinking is a set of skills for evaluating claims in an open-minded and careful manner. When attempting to differentiate between useful and useless information from popular psychology, what is a good rule to follow? Insist on evidence to accurately evaluate all claims. Psychological research applied to police settings has compared simultaneous lineups to sequential lineups, in order to make recommendations that increase eyewitness accuracy. Which category of research is this? Applied According to evolutionary psychologists, which of the following explains why men and women tend to have slightly different approaches to sex and relationships? Differences in the 'cost' of mating Michael says that he is not racist, yet he avoids areas of the city that he thinks are 'ethnic' because he says he does not feel safe. In this example, Michael is demonstrating a phenomenon called __________. bias blind spot What influence did psychology need to break away from in order to establish itself as a discipline and be free of associations with studying the spirit or soul? Spiritualism "The contents of the Bible must be true because it's been around for thousands of years." This is an example of the __________ fallacy. argument from antiquity What early American psychologist wanted to identify the basic elements of psychology in order to create a 'map' or 'periodic table' of consciousness? Edward Titchener All types of psychology involve the use of scientific methods. Which theoretical framework proposed that our lives are full of symbols, or things that represent other things? Psychoanalysis Suppose a theorist decides not to revise his theory despite a large amount of contradictory evidence. If this continues, it's very likely that this theory will join the ranks of pseudoscience. With its study of the adaptive purpose of various psychological systems, evolutionary psychology is most like which early psychological school of thought? Functionalism A key characteristic of a pseudoscience is that incorrect theories are never corrected or changed. One person interprets eye contact as friendly, and another person interprets it as threatening. Which of the following fields is most interested in this difference of interpretation? cognitivism. Based on Occam's razor, a good theory is __________; that is, it offers the __________ explanation for the available data. parsimonious; most simple Recall from your text that researchers gave students false feedback about their abilities to distinguish between false and real documents. At the conclusion of the study, the researchers informed the students that their feedback was in no way related to their actual performance. However, on a subsequent task where the students had to estimate their performance on a similar task, they used this false feedback to guide their estimates. This is an example of belief perseverance. Many claims of ESP have been refuted because, under controlled conditions, the claimants have been unable to reproduce what they claim to have done in the past. This an example of the failure to replicate. In science, a scientific theory is defined as a(n) explanation for a large number of findings Which theoretical school of thought focused on early childhood experience as a major influence on behaviour? psychoanalysis What does science have that pseudoscience lacks? Safeguards against confirmation bias and belief perseverance. Suppose you were one of the early students in the new field of psychology. Your mentor is interested in answers to questions such as "Why do we see in colour?" "Why do people cry when they are sad?" and "Why do we dream?" Your mentor's approach is most consistent with the __________ perspective. functionalist Science begins with the premise that knowledge should first be acquired through observation. This premise is called __________. empiricism A friend says he will not have his new baby inoculated against any childhood diseases because he is afraid the shots will cause autism. You point out that there is no scientific evidence to support that idea. He says he knows that, but he just feels that it is true. What logical fallacy is at work? emotional reasoning fallacy Wilhelm Wundt developed the first full-fledged psychological laboratory in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany. He pioneered the technique of __________, in which trained observers reflected on and reported on their own mental experiences. introspection Georgio does not want to take college entrance exams because he thinks they will not accurately reflect his ability to succeed in college and are no more useful than flipping a coin. His guidance counselor explains that psychologists have determined that, although not perfect, these tests are significantly better than chance at predicting college success. These psychologists are sharing some __________ with Georgio. applied research British philosopher John Locke stood on the nurture side of the nature-nurture debate, comparing the mind of a newborn to a sheet of paper that had yet to be written on. Others later used which term to describe the same idea? tabula rasa The outgoing behaviour of other people can make an extraverted person act even more extraverted. Bandura called this mutual influence on one another's behaviour __________. reciprocal determinism According to David Hume, an eighteenth-century Scottish philosopher, the more a claim contradicts what we already know, the more __________ must be the evidence for the claim. persuasive Ways of thinking that appear to make intuitive sense but are actually traps that lead to mistaken conclusions are called __________. logical fallacies .In the 1950s and 1960s, many psychologists were disillusioned with behaviourism's neglect of the mental processes involved in different aspects of thinking. Arguing that thinking has a powerful effect on behaviour, psychologists such as Jean Piaget began to develop the field of __________. cognitivism According to astronomer Carl Sagan, scientific skepticism includes (1) a willingness to keep an open mind to all claims, and (2) a willingness to __________. accept claims only after researchers have subjected them to careful scientific tests Which type of psychologist is most likely to work with patients who have serious mental disorders such as major depression? clinical psychologist Psychics who perform poorly in laboratory tests and then blame their poor performance on "bad vibes" from skeptical researchers are displaying which sign of pseudoscience? ad hoc immunizing hypotheses Twin and adoption studies addressing the nature-nurture debate are typically conducted by __________. behaviour geneticists One reason that intuition and common sense are not a good basis for scientific psychology is that we often do not notice __________. contradictions between our views Your friend is an emergency room nurse. He tells you the ER is always busier when there is a full moon; he claims it is because unstable people are more affected by the moon's gravitational pull. To evaluate his claim, you should understand that __________. correlation is not causation The phrase "don't confuse me with the facts" would best describe which self-deception trap? belief perseverance One of the great debates that has shaped the field of psychology is the question of whether people choose their behaviours or are obliged to act in certain ways by factors beyond their control. This is known as the __________ debate. free will-determinism The theoretical framework of psychology known as structuralism had two major problems. One was that highly trained introspectionists often disagreed on subjective reports. The other was the discovery of __________. imageless thought Research has shown that people are especially prone to find patterns of meaning in meaningless stimuli when they __________. do not feel a sense of control An approach to psychology that relied heavily on dream interpretation, symbolism, unconscious motives, and the suppression of sexual and aggressive urges was developed by __________. Sigmund Freud The idea of placing a third brake light at the base of a car's back windshield and changing the colour of fire engines from red to yellow are examples of __________. applied psychological research According to philosopher of science Sir Karl Popper, for a scientific claim to be meaningful, it must be falsifiable, which means __________. it can be tested to determine if it is false Of the 3500 or so self-help books published every year, what percentage are scientifically tested? about 5 percent In thinking of the multiple levels of analysis in psychology, the neurochemical level is considered to be __________ because this level is more closely tied to biological influences. toward the lower end of the ladder Because religious concepts cannot be tested scientifically, we should consider that __________. science and religion are nonoverlapping realms of understanding the world Medical researchers want to determine if hypnosis is better at pain control than a sugar pill (placebo). The researcher randomly assigns participants to the two groups and determines how long they can keep their hands in a bowl of ice water. What is the independent variable? Pain control technique A researcher wishes to generalize his findings beyond the people at the organization he is studying in Alberta. He wants to attempt to show that the findings apply to people who work in similar organizations throughout Canada. He should use __________ to analyze his data. inferential statistics As the average daily temperature decreases, the number of persons who are observed wearing sweaters in the workplace increases. This is an example of a __________ correlation. negative Which research design is often used to provide existence proof that a given psychological phenomenon can occur? Case study design Sasha read about a study in the newspaper that reported a positive association between poverty and crime. What type of research design is most likely to have been used in this study? Correlational design