Psych 115 Exam Questions and Answers 100% Pass

Psych 115 Exam Questions and Answers 100% Pass This type of declarative memory stores information about events in the past. What is episodic memory? This technique to memorize long strings of information was used by Cicero, a lawyer from Ancient Rome. What is "Memory Castle"? These kinds of memories are not dependent upon the hippocampus What is nondeclarative/procedural memory (skill learning, priming, or conditioning)? This kind of memory for facts and information is not tied to any specific time or place. What is semantic memory? Patient HM exhibited these two types of amnesia. What is anterograde amnesia and temporally graded retrograde amnesia. Lesions in the hippocampus do not impair remote memories, but do impair these kinds of memories. What are recent memories? Hippocampal lesions do not impair fear conditioning to auditory cues, but do impair this kind of conditioning. What is context conditioning? This behavioral technique can be used to assess declarative memory in primates What is the delayed non-match to sample (DNMS) task? in the delayed non-match to sample (DNMS) task in primates, lesions in this brain region impairs long delays. What is the hippocampus? In the delayed non-match to sample (DNMS) task in primates, lesions in this brain region impairs short delays. What is the prefrontal cortex? The hippocampus is necessary for this kind of memory What is declarative memory (episodic and semantic)? This subregion of the hippocampus is involved in pattern completion. What is the CA3 region? This highly organized circuit is revealed by a transverse cross section of the hippocampus, composed of three connections. What is the tri-synaptic loop? This subregion of the hippocampus is involved in pattern separation. What is the dentate gyrus? These cells are one of the two neural populations in the mammalian brain that undergoes adult neurogenesis. What are dentate granule cells? The opposite of long-term potentiation (LTP) reduces the size of the stimulus response. What is long-term depression (LTD)? This type of stimulus frequency results in long-term potentiation. What is high-frequency stimulus (or HFS or 100 Hz)? This type of receptor functions as a coincidence detector and is important for LTP. What are NMDA receptors? In LTP (Long-term Potentiation), this transcription factor activates the expression of genes which results in proteins that build new dendritic spines. What is CREB? Much research on LTP/LTD has been based on this bundle of axons which connects hippocampus region CA3 to CA1. What are Schaefer collaterals? Each place cell fires when the animal visits this preferred location. What is the cell's place field? When contextual cues rotate, place cell firing patterns re-orient themselves in this way. What is place cell firing pattern rotation? This kind of "heat map" has hot colors which indicate areas of high firing and cool colors which indicate areas of low firing. What is a firing rate map? Border cells and grid cells are located in this brain region. What is the entorhinal cortex? When a place cell fires, it bursts rhythmically at this rhythm. What is the theta rhythm (or 8 Hz)? Rats with hippocampal lesions are impaired at this memory task. What is the Morris Water Maze? The principal cell populations of the hippocampus release this kind of neurotransmitter. What is glutamate? This projection connects the dentate granule cells to CA3 pyramidal neurons. What are mossy fibers? One possible explanation for temporally graded retrograde amnesia is a process by which declarative memories may be initially stored in the hippocampus and then transferred to the cortex. What is systems consolidation? In long-term potentiation, this enzyme is activated by calcium/calmodulin, and creates cAMP (cyclic AMP). What is adenylate cyclase? This general term refers to brain signals that suppress hunger. What are anorexigenic signals? This general term refers to brain signals that promote hunger. What are orexigenic signals? This hormone is secreted by adipose tissue and is a satiety signal. It decreases feeding behavior by inhibiting NPY neurons and stimulating POMC neurons. What is leptin? This hormone is a major hunger signal produced by cells in the gut. It stimulates eating by stimulating AgRP/NPY neurons. What is ghrelin? This hormone is made by L-cells in the intestines (and the pancreas) and acts as a satiety signal. It inhibits appetite by inhibiting AgRP/NPY neurons. What is peptide typosine-tyrosine (PYY)? This brain region in the hypothalamus projects to the LH and VMH and regulates feeding behaviors (hunger vs. satiety). What is the Arcuate Nucleus (ARC)? These appetite-suppressing neurons in the Arcuate Nucleus are excited by leptin and insulin, but are not affected by ghrelin and PYY. What are POMC/CART neurons? These appetite-enhancing neurons in the Arcuate Nucleus are excited by ghrelin, and are inhibited by insulin, leptin, and PYY. What are AgRP/NPY neurons? This hormone is released by appetite-suppressing neurons in the Arcuate Nucleus and inhibits orexigenic neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (LH What is alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (a-MSH)? This signal is released by appetite-enhancing neurons in the Arcuate Nucleus and blocks the effects of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (a-MSH) in the lateral hypothalamus (LH). What is AgRP? This brain region acts as the "Hungerstat." What is the hypothalamus? This subregion in the hypothalamus is responsible for hunger. What is the lateral hypothalamus (LHA)? This subregion in the hypothalamus is responsible for satiety. What is the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)? These neurons in the Arcuate Nucleus promote satiety. What are POMC neurons? These neurons in the Arcuate Nucleus promote appetite. What are NPY/AgRP neurons? This hormone is a satiety signal produced by the pancreas following food consumption, so that glucose can be converted into energy by cells. What is insulin? People who cannot make insulin and must take insulin to get energy from their food have this specific type of disease. What is Type I Diabetes? People whose bodies do not respond normally to insulin have this specific type of disease. What is Type II Diabetes? When blood sugar is low, glycogen is converted back into glucose by this pancreatic hormone. What is glucagon? This process converts lipids (fats) in adipose tissue back into glycogen and glucose. What is gluconeogenesis? This class of muscles bends the joint when contracting. What are flexor muscles? This class of muscles straightens the joint when contracting