CANS Exam 1 With 100% Correct Answers 2024

CANS Exam 1 With 100% Correct Answers 2024 Nursing's Pathway to Professionalism by Lucie Kelly 8 characteristics: 1. Vital to humanity and welfare of society 2. Special body of knowledge enlarges over time 3. Services involve intellectual activities 4. Education in institution of higher learning 5. Practitioners relatively independent 6. Motivated by service and importance of work 7. Code of ethics to guide practice 8. Organization support high practice standards Miller's Wheel of Professionalism 1985 Foundation and 8 spokes: 1. Competence and continuing education 2. Adherence to code of ethics 3. Participation in professional organizations 4. Publication and communication 5. Orientation toward community services 6. Theory and research development and utilization 7. Self-regulation and autonomy Accountability The hallmark of nursing practice. ANA's 2004 Nursing: Scope and Standard of Practice Includes collegiality as one of nine standards of professional performance. Essence of collegiality includes: 1. Supportive and healthy work environments 2. Cooperation 3. Recognition of interdependence among members of the nursing profession External barriers to Professionalism 1. conflicts with medicine have arisen as nurses are able to provide services that were formerly part of medical practice by physicians 2. The legal scope of nursing practice must be protected through lobbying and legislation. 3. Nurses must strive for cooperation with other medical disciplines. Internal Barriers to Professionalism 1. Nursing's power and influence is fragmented by dissension, including difference in educational levels and proliferation of organizations that compete for nurses' membership. 2. Nursing's roots in altruism - when a nurse feels guilty for expecting good pay for work. Evolution of Definitions of Nursing (Nightingale, Early 20th Century, Post- WWII, Peplau, Orem, & Henderson) Nightingale's Definition of Nursing 1. Contains many concepts that remain contemporary 2. Includes importance of observational skills, unique body of knowledge, understanding that patient must be put in best condition possible that nature allows. 3. Also includes concepts about the impact of the patients' immediate environment, nutrition, hygiene, comfort 4. Nursing schools should be affiliated with a teaching hospital 5.Students should be selected to create a diverse student body Evolution of Definitions of Nursing (Nightingale, Early 20th Century, Post- WWII, Peplau, Orem, & Henderson) Early twentieth-century definitions of Nursing 1.Many were basic and spare. 2.Virginia Henderson's definitions represented the emergence of contemporary nursing. Evolution of Definitions of Nursing (Nightingale, Early 20th Century, Post- WWII, Peplau, Orem, & Henderson) Post WWII - definition of nursing WWII helped advance technologies available for nursing, influencing nursing and requiring changed definitions. Evolution of Definitions of Nursing (Nightingale, Early 20th Century, Post- WWII, Peplau, Orem, & Henderson) Peplau's definition of nursing Defined nursing in interpersonal terms, reinforcing the idea of the patient as an active collaborator in his or her care Evolution of Definitions of Nursing (Nightingale, Early 20th Century, Post- WWII, Peplau, Orem, & Henderson) Orem's definition Orem's definition hinges on the belief that nurses should do for a person only those things the person cannot do without assistance, emphasizing patient's active role. Example: Assisting a disoriented patient with a bath Evolution of Definitions of Nursing (Nightingale, Early 20th Century, Post- WWII, Peplau, Orem, & Henderson) International Council of Nurses (ICN) adopted Henderson's definition 1960 This definition has been widely accepted in the United States and worldwide Many believe it remains the most comprehensive and appropriate definition of nursing in existence The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery ( or to a peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge. And to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible. American Nurses Association (ANA) definition of nursing "Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations." Includes 6 essential features of contemporary nursing practice. Professional nursing socialization Absorbing and assimilating the culture of nursing: its rites, rituals, and valued behaviors Formal and informal nursing socialization includes: Formal 1. Classroom lectures 2. Assignments 3. Lab experiences 4. New vocabulary Informal This includes unplanned observations, participating in a student nurse association, and hearing nurses discuss patient care. Informal experiences are often the most powerful Cohen's Model of Basic Student Socialization Cohen developed a model in 1981 based on developmental theory and studies of beginning nursing students' attitudes. Four stages to be experienced in sequence Stage 1: Unilateral dependence - reliant on external authority and limited questioning or critical analysis Stage 2: Negativity/independence- Cognitive rebellion and diminished reliance on external authority Stage 3: Dependence/mutuality - Reasoned appraisal and begins integration of facts and opinions following objective testing Stage 4: Interdependence - Collaborative decision making and commitment to professional role and self concept now includes professional role identity Benner's Stages of Nursing Proficiency developed in 1984 to explore how nurses make the transition to become expert practitioners Student Socialization Stage 1: Novice Stage 2: Advanced beginner period Stage 3: Competent practitioner Stage 4: Proficient practitioner Stage 5: Expert practitioner Several issues contribute to "reality shock" for new nurses. These include: Nursing shortages Difficult working conditions Nursing staff retention Older, more chronically ill patients Absence of positive reinforcement Lack of frequent communication Lack of preceptorship Kramer 1974 discusses causes of reality shock Lack of support Gap between ideals and actual work setting Inability to implement desired nursing care Systems developed by Von Bertalanffy Systems theory is defined as a set of interrelated parts that come together to form a whole that performs a function As a common framework, a system allows scientists and scholars to organize and communicate findings, making it easier to build on the work of others. Components of Systems 1. Input is the raw material that enters a system and is transformed by it 2. Throughput consists of the processes a system uses to convert raw materials (input) into a form that can be used. 3. Output is the end result or product of the system. 4. Evaluation is measuring the success or failure of the output and, consequently, the system's effectiveness 5. Feedback is the process of communicating what is found in evaluation of the system to determine whether or not the end result of the system has been achieved Open Systems 1, An open system promotes exchange of matter, energy, and information with other systems and the 2. A larger environment (such as outside the hospital) is called the "suprasystem." 3. A closed system does not interact with other systems or the environment 4.Synergy occurs when all subsystems work together to create a result that is not achievable independently Application of the Systems Model to Nursing Nurses work within systems every day. All these are open systems interacting with one another and the environment. If nurses are to work effectively in such complex systems, they need to have an understanding of how systems operate. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Basic needs must be at least partially satisfied before higher-order needs become relevant. Individuals meet their needs in different ways. Nurse must determine a person's perceptions of his/her needs to provide individualized care. Level 1: basic physiologic needs for survival - Oxygen, rest, activity, shelter, and sexual expression Level 2: safety and security needs -Include physical and psychological needs Level 3:needs for love and belonging - Social and intimate relationships Level 4: self-esteem needs - Need for self-worth, self-respect, and self-reliance Level 5: self-actualization - Realization of one's maximum or optimal potential Homeostasis Homeostasis is dynamic balance within and between systems. It is the nature of people to change, grow, and develop. Adaptation based on a person's changing needs is important for nurses to remember. When a person's needs are not met, homeostasis is threatened. Adaptation may or may not be successful Environment and Suprasystem Environment includes all circumstances, influences, and conditions that surround and affect individuals, families, and groups. Beginning with Florence Nightingale, nurses have always been aware of the influence of environment on people. These include: 1. Public health: safety of food, water, air, cosmetics, medications, workplaces 2. Family, cultural, social, and community systems 3. Founded the first training school for nurses that would later be a model for early nursing education Health - Definition Health is a continuum as opposed to an absolute state Health varies from day to day. Illness is not an absolute state; it also can vary from day to day. Health definition by Parsons 1959 Health is "the state of optimum capacity of an individual for the effective performance of roles and tasks." Health definition by World Health Organization (WHO) 1947 Health is "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." Health definition by Dunn 1961 Health is a continuum with high-level wellness at one end and death at the other. Health Beliefs and Health Behavior A National Health Initiative: Healthy People 2020 Perceived self-efficacy": High belief in one's self-efficacy leads to efforts to change, whereas low perceived self-efficacy leads to a fatalistic lack of change. (Bandura, 1997) Locus of control: People tend to be influenced by either an internal or external view of control 1. National initiative to improve the health of our nation 2. Grew out of the 1979 surgeon general's report on health promotion and disease prevention 3. Twenty-six leading health indicators (LHIs) organized into 12 topic areas that focus on quality of life and health across the lifespan