Unit 6 APUSH Questions with well explained answers

Andrew Johnson - He was from Tennessee, and as VP when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, and he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president. Presidential Reconstruction - In December 1863 Lincoln introduced the first Reconstruction scheme, the Ten Percent Plan, thus beginning the period known as Presidential Reconstruction. The plan decreed that when one-tenth of a state's prewar voters had taken an oath of loyalty to the U.S. Constitution, its citizens could elect a new state government and apply for readmission to the Union. In addition, Lincoln promised to pardon all but a few high-ranking Confederates if they would take this oath and accept abolition. The plan also required that states amend their constitutions to abolish slavery. Conspicuous in this plan was the stipulation that only whites could vote or hold office. Wade-Davis Bill - 1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned. Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction - Reconstruction strategy that was based on severely punishing South for causing war Black Codes - Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves Civil Rights Act of 1866 - Passed by Congress on April 9, 1866 over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. The act declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition. Thirteenth Amendment - The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude. Fourteenth Amendment - The constitutional amendment adopted after the Civil War that states, "no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of theUnited States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." Charles Sumner - Radical Republican against the slave power who insults Andrew Butler and subsequently gets caned by Preston Brooks Thaddeus Stevens - A radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the radical Republicans in Congress. Fifteenth Amendment - The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Military Reconstruction Act - It divided the South into five military districts that were commanded by Union generals. It was passed in 1867. It took the power away from the President to be Commander in Chief and set up a system of Martial Law. Tenure of Office Act - In 1866, it was enacted by radical congress that forbade the President from removing civil officers without senatorial consent. It was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson - Johnson was impeached for the charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors on February 24, 1868 of which one of the articles of impeachment was violating the Tenure of Office Act. He had removed Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War, from office and replaced him with Adjutant General Lorenzo Thomas. Black Reconstruction - Derisive label applied to political efforts by African Americans after the Civil War, exaggerating black political influence that was in actuality limited mainly to voting. Blacks could vote and had rights, but black codes kept them virtually enslaved. They did get more political power; helped protect former slaves, and education for many. Hiram Revels - Black Mississippi senator elected to the seat that had been occupied by Jefferson Davis when the South seceded.Sharecropping - System in which landowners leased a few acres of land to farmworkers in return for a portion of their crops. Scalawags - Term used to describe Southern white Republicans who had opposed secession. Carpetbaggers - A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states Redeemers - Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged an aggressive assault on African Americans.