DSST ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR EXAM WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS

scientific management - correct answersThe dominant behavioral perspective in the U.S. between 1900 and 1950. It was championed by Frederick Taylor, an engineer who felt that applying scientific principles to human behavior was an efficient way to maximize performance. human relations approach - correct answersTook the view that the best way to improve production was to respect workers and show concern for their needs. Became popular in the 1920s and remained influential through the 1950s. hawthorne effect - correct answersThe boost in morale and improved productivity that can occur simply because employees feel that management care enough about them to investigate their working conditions. contingency approach - correct answersThe dominant perspective in organizational behavior, it argues that there's no single best way to manage behavior. What 'works' in any given context depends on the complex interplay between a variety of person and situational factors. breakthrough culture - correct answersA corporate value system which recognizes that normal business rules and pressures don't apply to innovative thinking. self-enhancing tactics - correct answersDirect attempts to influence the perceptions of others via self promotion (e.g., name dropping) and image control. other-enhancing tactics - correct answersIndirect methods of influencing others' perceptions by boosting their self-image (e.g., flattery, opinion agreement). audience extraction - correct answersThe process whereby perceivers (the audience) subtlely pulls/draws behavior from others (also known as the Pygmalion effect). audience selectivity - correct answersThis terms refers to our tendency as social observers to selectively look for and process certain pieces of information about people to form impressions personal constructs - correct answersA very general belief about what other people are like (e.g, untrustworthy) that has wide effect on our perceptions of others behavior. halo effect - correct answersA more specific perceptual bias that affects perceptions of others; in particular, the use of one piece of information observed about a person is used to infer other characteristics that may or may not be there. stereotypes - correct answersA perceptual bias that involves using one characteristic about a person - their group membership (e.g., race, gender, or age group) - to infer other traits they think might also be present. internal attribution - correct answersAscribing/assigning the cause of a person's behavior at work to something about them (e.g, their effort, their innate ability, etc.). external attribution - correct answersAttributing the cause of work behavior to some reason that is external to the person (e.g., bad luck, unfair circumstances, etc.). actor-observer effect - correct answersThe tendency for observers to make internal attributions and for actors to make external attributions for behavior. self-serving attributions - correct answersA bias effect in attributions whereby people tend to take credit (internal attribution) for success and to make external attributions for failure. turnover - correct answersThe percentage of employees who leave the firm during a specified time interval (usually a one year period) affective commitment - correct answersAn employee's inclination to stay with and committed to a firm based on their emotional attachment and identification with the firm and its goals. normative commitment - correct answersThe degree to which an employee is committed to their company based on the influence of other people in the firm. continuance commitment - correct answersA tendency to stay with a company that is based on a cost- benefit or economic analysis of options. organizational citizenship behaviors - correct answersThe voluntary, 'above the call of duty' behaviors(e.g., talking up the firm to outsiders, helping coworkers, etc.) that are vitally important but often unrecognized sources of firm success. glass ceiling - correct answersA term that refers to the many barriers that can exist to thwart a woman's rise to the top of an organization; one that provides a view of the top, but a ceiling on how far a woman can go. diversity programs - correct answersA set of training and information dissemination programs that help employees recognize the value of differences among people. motivation - correct answersOriginates from movere-Latin for 'to move.' A process that arouses and channels employee effort and behavior toward achieving goals. content theories of motivation - correct answersTheories that identify the needs that arouse or energize employee behavior. process theories of motivation - correct answersTheories that explain the processes by which employee behavior can be aroused and then directed. Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory - correct answersA theory which argues that people are motivated by five needs that are triggered in a hierarchical order. Herzberg's two-factor theory - correct answersMotivation theory which argues that the factors which cause satisfaction on the job are different than those which cause dissatisfaction. hygiene factors - correct answersThe factors in Herzberg's theory that cause dissatisfaction (e.g., working conditions, pay, and coworker relations). motivating