Immunology Chapter 1-4 Exam Latest

Immunology Chapter 1-4 Exam Latest Immunology - the study of physiological mechanism humans and other animals use to defend their bodies from invasion by other organisms Immune - originally used to describe those who had surived a disease and did not suffer from it when faced with it again Infectious disease - disease cause by a microorganism Immune system - the collection of cells and physiological mechanisms the human body utilizes to fight infections Vaccination; immunization - procedure by which severe disease is prevented by prior exposure to the infectious agent in a form that cannot cause disease Immunity - state of the body in which the immune system is capable of preventing a full infection/disease Induced immunity Vaccination and immunization are used to ___________. Edward Jenner In 1796, _________ showed inoculation with cowpox virus induced immunity to small pox. Commensal microorganisms - normally-occuring microorganisms in healthy individuals that aid in digestion, vitamin production and prevent colonization by disease-causing organisms Pathogens - any organism with the potential to cause disease Opportunistic pathogen - can be present in body with no ill effect, but it causes disease when host is weakened or if allowed into a part of the body where it is normally not present Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi and Parasites - four types of pathogens Successful pathogens - those that do not cause severe and rapidly fatal disease in most of its host population; causes endemic diseases physical, chemical, microbiological - three types of host defences mucus - secreted defence; composed of water and mucins mucins - primary component of mucus; consists of heavily glycosylated proteins antimicrobial secretions - epithelial secretions including acid, enzymes and defensins that provide active defense against infection. Innate immune response - fast and generalized response to a breach in barriers against infection; characterized by inflammation at the site; determined by genes inherited by parents Effector cells - innate immune cells that engulf bacteria, kill virus-infected cells and attack protozoan parasites Complement proteins - serum proteins that either attack pathogens or tag them for destruction by effector cells Cytokines - small cell-signaling protein molecules; induce local dilation of capillaries (resulting in calor and rubor) to create gaps between cells of the vessels; also increase cell adhesion to endothelium to aid in recruitment of effector cells calor - warmth rubor - redness tumor - swelling due to local fluid accumulation dolor - pain Inflammation - innate immune response; calor, dolar, rubor, tumor Adaptive immune response - secondary to innate immunity; consists of leukocytes; provides slow but specialized response; not coded by conventional genes; provides immunological memory leukocytes - white blood cells recruited as part of the adaptive immune response; adapt to best fight the pathogen; provide vigorous but specific response clonal selection - process by which lymphocytes that recognize the pathogen are proliferated and differentiated; the rate limiting step in the adaptive response primary immune response - the first time an adaptive immune response is made to a given pathogen secondary immune response - second and subsequent times an adaptive immune response is made; with the benefit of immunological memory Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells - give rise to leukocytes of the immune system as well as red blood cells and magakaryocytes Magakaryocytes - the source of platelets due to cell shedding Hematopoiesis - development of blood cells; occurs primarily in bone cells after birth Lymphoid progenitor - hematopoietic stem cell that gives rise to small lymphocytes (B and T cells- both adaptive) and large granular lymphocytes(natural killer cells - innate) Myeloid progenitor - hematopoietic stem cell that gives rise to granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), dendritic cells, macrophages and mast cells Erythroid progenitor - hematopoietic stem cell that gives rise to non-immune blood cells, meegakryocytes and erthyrocytes primary lymphoid tissues - central, bone marrow and thymus; where lymphocytes develop to a stage where they can respond to pathogens