Beef Production Final Exam fully solved & updated

A breed with a shortened gestation length - answer-Saler A breed that exports the greatest amount of semen - answer-Red Angus A composite breed created using 3 breeds - answer-Beefmaster A composite breed that was created in Louisiana - answer-Brangus A breed that originally was called Durhams - answer-Shorthorn True or False: Brahman cattle are heat tolerant and will not decrease appetite or milk production until the temperature reaches 105 degrees F. - answer-True True or False: Charolais cattle are white with black skin pigmentation - answer-False (Chianina) True or False: The average herd size in the U.S is less than 50 head. - answer-True True or False: Tennessee is the only state east of the Mississippi River to be in the top ten of beef cattle production. - answer-False (Kentucky) _______ is the term for an infertile female twin in cattle - answer-Freemartin _______ is the current number of cattle in the U.S. (in millions) - answer-89.8 Million Describe how breeds are first created and what could drive the creation of a new breed? Give an example of a situation that could drive the creation of a new breed. - answer-Breeds were created to with stand certain things, such as environmental effects. Elevation and heat can be the major rolls in why a breed would be created. If a cow from the Northern (cold) area where to be moved down to a Southern (hot) area, there would be a very unlikely chance that it could survive. Hence a reason to create a new breed. Give three reasons why seedstock producers are important to the beef industry. - answer-- Semen - Genetic embryos - Bulls/replacement females What is the predominant Segment of the beef industry in Kentucky? What is the average herd size of beef operations in Kentucky? - answer-Cow-Calf, an average herd size in Kentucky is about 27 head. Name one breed of cattle that Dr. Harrelson (she) has owned. - answer-Limousin, Hereford, Markiana, Shorthorn, Angus What breed was first imported to Kentucky by Henry Clay? - answer-Hereford What is the white breed cattle that originated in France? - answer-Charolais A breed that can be red, white or roan in color. - answer-Shorthorn Breed that was first brought to Kansas - answer-Angus Breed also known as the Macelle breed - answer-Maine Anjou Red breed from Scottland - answer-Red Angus A white breed originated in Italy - answer-Chianina Composite breed created by crossing Brahman and Shorthorn - answer-Santa Gertrudis _____ is the average suckling time per day - answer-45 min _____ is the season of the year when most calves are born. - answer-Early Spring ____ is the type of headgate that is the least likely to cause a calf to choke. - answer-straight bar _____ is the level of heritability of deposition in Angus Cattle (high, medium, or low) - answer-Medium (0.37) ____ is the type of beef production system that focuses on increasing weight of cattle with low inputs - answer-Stocker ____ is the term for a castrated male beef animal - answer-Steer ____ is the composite breed of cattle that was developed in Florida. - answer-Braford ____ is the term for when calves are removed from their dam permanently. - answer-Weaning ____ is the type of head gate that operates similar to a guillotine. - answer-Positive Type _____ is the breed that originated from Spain and can be any color or pattern - answer-Texas Longhorn True or False: Between a cow and her calf, recognition by sound is the best method. - answer-False (Smell) True or False: Feeding cattle together will cause younger females to consume less feed than older cows. - answer-True True or False: The flight zone is the same for all animals. - answer-False (Different) True or False: Cattle prefer to graze away from water. - answer-False (near) True or False: Feedlot cattle are on feed for 90-200 days. - answer-True True or False: The Beefmaster breed originated in Louisiana. - answer-False (Brangus) True or False: Straight bar head gates are typically found on hydraulic chutes. - answer-False (Curved bar) True or False: Texas has the greatest number of cattle in feedlots in the U.S. - answer-True True or False: Cattle were domesticated in 6,500 B.C. - answer-True True or False: A cow in a commercial cow-calf operation should have two calves every year. - answer-False (one calf) Give three reasons why seedstock cow-calf operations are important to the beef industry. - answer-- Providing genetics - Sell semen - Sell embyros What are two main challenges of seedstock cow-calf operations as it relates to the beef industry? - answer-- Short term trends - Show Give two reasons why commercial cow-calf producers are important to the beef industry. - answer-- Producing most animals per production - Provide heifers for replacement What are three reasons why temperament is important? What two times or instances when temperament is typically evaluated? - answer-1. Economic Loss 2. Injury to other animals 3. Injury to people/ranchers - Calving - Handling What are three things producers can prevent when handling cattle? - answer-- too much stress - Injury to calf - Over exertion Give 5 characteristics of the best working chutes for cattle. - answer-1. Can catch cattle with ease 2. Doesn't scare cattle to go through 3. Doesn't choke cattle 4. The ridged rubber flooring, so they know it is there. 5. Able to go back the way they came Name four factors that can affect social rank in cattle. - answer-1. Docility 2. strength 3. genetics 4. Horns 5. previous experience 6. Age 7. Size Describe the beef industry in Kentucky. Include the number of cattle, the main segment of the beef industry, the number of beef producers, and the average herd size. - answer-There are approximately 2 million cattle in Kentucky. Of that, approximately 1 million are beef cattle with cow-calf (commercial and seedstock) as the predominate operation. There are over 38,000 cattle producers with an average herd size of 27 head. It is the largest beef cow herd east of the Mississippi River. what percentage of ration is concentrate? - answer-85-90% What three factors are feedlots dependent upon? - answer-- Source of feeder cattle - Market Outlets - Source of high energy feed What are the two types of feedlot operations? Give one advantage and disadvantage of each. - answer-Commercial - Obtain and analyze more records and information - Need to keep feedlot full Farmer-feeder - Flexibility - Only one group of cattle What are two reasons why feedlots want stocker cattle? - answer-- Easy to finish - Less stress - Less health issues What type of cattle operation did Dr. Harrelson (she) have growing up? - answer-Commercial Cow-calf Kentucky is ranked where in the top ten beef cattle numbers? - answer-8th What hormone causes the release of FSH and LH? - answer-Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) What hormone causes the formation of the corpus luteum? - answer-Luteinizing hormone (LH) What hormone inhibits estrus? - answer-Progesterone What hormone stimulates estrogen production? - answer-Follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH) True or False: The location of semen deposition by natural service is the cervix. - answer-False (Vagina) True or False: The infundibulum surrounds the ovary and acts as a catcher's mitt. - answer-True ____ is the average duration of estrus in cattle (in hours). - answer-12 hours ____ is the specific site of fertilization in the oviduct of the cow. - answer-Ampulla ___ is where LH and FSH are produced and released. - answer-Anterior Pituitary ___ is the length of the estrous cycle in cattle. - answer-21 days What is the average length of days of gestation in cattle? - answer-283 days Where in the female reproductive tract does the embryo implant itself to grow and develop? - answer-Uterus or Uterine Horns What hormone is responsible for maintaining pregnancy? - answer-Progesterone Can the ovary produce follicles? Why or why not? What percent of follicles will actually be ovulated? - answer-No, they are born with a certain number at birth. About 1% of follicles will actually be ovulated. During what two times is the cervix open? - answer-Estrus and ovulation/parturition (heat and calving) Where is oxytocin synthesized in the body in cattle? - answer-Posterior gland What hormone is produced by the corpus luteum (CL)? - answer-Progesterone What hormone stimulates estrus and estrus behavior? - answer-Estrogen What hormone is produced by the endometrium? - answer-Prostaglandin F2a What hormone stimulates production of androgens in the male? - answer-LH What hormone has negative feedback on FSH in males? - answer-Inhibin What hormone is contained in a CIDR? - answer-Progesterone What hormone is responsible for follicular growth and development? - answer-FSH What hormone has negative feedback on GnRH in the male? - answer-Testosterone What hormone causes regression of the corpus luteum? - answer-Prostoglandin F2a ____ is the specific type of uterus found in cattle. - answer-Bicornate ____ is the estrous synchronization protocol that uses one GnRH injections and one injection of prostaglandin F2a. - answer-Select-synch ____ is the method where cows are fed at specific times to encourage more calves born during daylight hours. - answer-Konefal ____ is the average age at puberty in cattle (in days). - answer-350 days ____ is the type of contractions used by the male to help move sperm through the vas deferens. - answer-Parastalic ____ is the site of semen deposition in the female when she is bred via AI. - answer-Cervix ____ is what CIDR stands for as related to estrous synchronization. - answer-Controlled Internal Drug Release ____ is the structure where spermatozoa are store and mature. - answer-Epididymis ____ is also known as the yellow body. - answer-Corpus luteum True or False: The most expensive estrous synchronization protocol is Co-Synch. - answer-True True or False: The fetal period of pregnancy begins after day 45 of pregnancy. - answer-True True or False: The vulva is the organ of copulation in the female. - answer-False (vagina) True or False: In cattle, pregnancy recognition by the body must occur by day 15 of the estrous cycle for pregnancy to be maintained. - answer-False (17) True or False: A cryptorchid is a male animal where only one testicle has descended into the scrotum. - answer-False (one or both testes didn't descend) True or False: Bulls produce 3 to 10 mL of semen per ejaculation. - answer-True - 4-18 billion sperm True or False: The four accessory sex glands in the male are the prostate, ampullae, bulbourethral and vesicular glands. - answer-True True or False: The specific site of fertilization of the ova in the female is the isthmus. - answer-False (ampulla) True or False: The average length of estrous cycle is 17 days in cattle. - answer-False (21 days) True or False: The primary cause of dystocia in cattle is the size of the calf's head. - answer-False (it is the size of the calf's head and weight) Which will typically have a longer postpartum interval, first calf heifers or cows? Why? - answer-Typically first calf heifers will have longer postpartum intervals, mainly because they aren't use to it yet. Which one first calf heifers or cows will be more influenced by level of feed during their postpartum interval? - answer-Cows What are two stages of spermatogenesis? For each stage, describe what occurs and what hormone influences the process. - answer-Spermiogenesis - Series of devision of spermatogonia to spermatids - Androgen Spermatocytogenesis - Spermatids undergo metamorphosis to form spermatoza - FSH What do the testes need to be cooler in temperature compared to the normal body temperature? What structure is used to cool the blood that enters the testes? How does it work? - answer-The temperature of sperm is very finicky and if it isn't the right temperature the sperm will die. Causing the bull to be less fertile. The pampiniform plexus is the structure that is used to cool the blood that enters the testes. It is a coil of testicular veins that provides an effective mechanism for cooling arterial blood entering the testicle. The heat transfers to the venous blood leaving the testicle. If a producer owns 60 head of cows, how many yearling bulls should he use? Why? What if they used mature bulls, how many would they need? Why is there a different in how many females a yearling bull vs a mature bull can cover? - answer-If he used yearling bulls he would need 3-4 bulls, and mature bulls he would only need 2-3. The mature bulls semen accumulates back faster and more proficient (mature semen) than the yearling bulls will. What are three methods we can use to detect heat? Name two signs of heat in cattle. - answer-1. Calk/paint patches 2. Chest Harness 3. Electric Patches - restlessness - Followed by other bull calves Name four factors that the success of estrous synchronizations is dependent upon? - answer-1. Labor 2. Estrus detection 3. Facilities 4. Body Condition Score What are three methods that can be used for pregnancy determination in cattle? - answer-1. Physical Exam 2. Ultra Sound 3. Blood Test What is the most common method of pregnancy determination? - answer-Physical Exam Name a brand name for a Protaglandin F2a product/ - answer-Estromate, prostomate, lutelise In the MSU's beef herd, we normally will AI a female how many times before we expose her to a cleanup bull? - answer-2 times True or False: The mating of closely related individuals is known as outbreeding. - answer-False (inbreeding) True or False: Traits in beef cattle are determined by heritability and environmental factors. - answer-True True or False: Exceptional Performance Daughters are the most accurate genetic predictors available for beef cattle. - answer-False (Expected Progeny Difference, EPD) ____ is a measure of the reliability of an EPD - answer-Accuracy ____ is the most economically important group of traits in beef cattle production - answer-Reproductive ____ is an EPD which measures the prenatal calf growth. - answer-Birth Weight What are four factors which affect the rate of genetic improvement? - answer-1. Genetic Variation 2. Generation Interval 3. Heritability 4. Selection Difference What are five pieces of information that can be utilized to calculate an EPD? - answer-- Individual performance - Progeny and grand-progeny performance - Performance of relatives - Genetic trends - Environmental Difference What are four economically relevant traits discussed in class? - answer-1. Reproductive 2. Weaning Weight 3. Yearling Weight 4. Feed efficiency 5. Carcass merit 6. Conformation What is the level of heritability for scrotal circumference? - answer-50% What is the term that is the visual appearance or measure of a trait? - answer-Phenotype What is an EPD which indicates calf growth to market weight? - answer-Yearling Weight What is the genetic composition of the animal? - answer-Genotype What is an EPD which indicates feeder calf starting weight? - answer-Weaning Weight What disease is caused by grazing on lush pastures? - answer-Grass Tetany and Bloat What disease may result in death? - answer-Grass Tetany and Bloat What disease is prevented with Rumensin? - answer-Bloat What disease is prevented with adding legumes to forage/diet? - answer-Grass Tetany and Fescue toxicity What disease results in a rough hair coat? - answer-Fescue Toxicity What disease treatment can be accomplished with vegetable oil? - answer-Bloat ____ is the lowest priority for nutrients within the animal's body. - answer-Maintenance ____ is the grazing system in which cattle move through pastures on a set schedule. - answer-Rotational ____ is an EPD utilized to assess an animal's age at puberty commonly measured in centimeters. - answer-Scrotal Circumference ____ is the form of inbreeding where a common ancestor or line are maintained. - answer-Linebreeding ____ is the measure of reliability in an EPD ranging from 0-1. - answer-Accuracy ____ is the average age of the parents when calves are born. - answer-Generation Enterval ____ is any feed components which function in the support of life. - answer-Nutrients ____ is cause by abnormally low magnesium in the diet. - answer-Grass Tetany ____ is a crucial reproductive time in the cow's year as fetal growth is maximized. - answer-Precalving ____ is an EPD which measures the parental growth of the calf. - answer-Birth Weight True or False: Assortative mating is the most common type of mating practiced in commercial beef operation. - answer-False (Random) True or False: The continuous grazing system describes grazing pasture the entire grazing system with no breaks. - answer-True True or False: The net energy system works well for balancing diets for cows. - answer-False (Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN)) True or False: The milk EPD is measured in pound of calf weaning weight. - answer-True True or False: The four compartments of the ruminant stomach are the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. - answer-True True or False: Legumes such as clover and alfalfa may also be called forbs. - answer-True True or False: Outbreeding is the mating of less closely related animals. - answer-True True or False: Mineral supplementation is typically uneconomical and impractical. - answer-False (Vitamins) True or False: The most accurate genetic predictor available is Estimated Performance Distinction. - answer-False (Expected Progeny Difference (EPD)) True or False: Grass infected with an endophyte fungus is the major cause of bloat. - answer-False (Fescue Toxicity) What are two advantages and disadvantages to creep feeding calves? - answer-Advantages - Increase price for calves - Increase weaning weight Disadvantages - Can have higher expense than put in (cost more than return) - Not recommended for Replacement heifers Name three cool seasons and three warm season grasses. - answer-Cool: - Fescue - Orchard - Timothy Warm: - Burmuda grass - Corn Stuble - Buffalo grass What are three common genetic defects which can be found in cattle? - answer-1. Cryptorchid 2. Dwarfism 3. Double Muscling What are the six basic classes of nutrients? - answer-1. Minerals 2. Vitamins 3. Protein 4. Water 5. Fats (lipids) 6. Carbohydrates Grazing systems should be comprised of what three major factors? - answer-1. Forage produced 2. Forage quality 3. Efficiency forage harvested What are four pieces of information which can be utilized to calculate an EPD? - answer-- Performance of relatives - Genetic trends - Individual performance - Grand progeny performance What are five of the classifications of feedstuffs discussed in class? - answer-1. Dry roughages/forages 2. Mineral supplement 3. Vitamin supplement 4. Protein supplement 5. Silage/halage What is meant by longevity in a cow herd? How does longevity differ between bulls and cows in a herd? - answer-Longevity is how long a cow can produce product. Cows have a longer longevity (15+ years) than bulls when breeding. Bulls can only breed about 2-5 years before inbreeding occurs or genetics start to cause effect, but cows can produce calf even if different sire. What are three general categories of stored forages? - answer-1. Hay 2. Haliage 3. Silage What are three parts of a production scenario will determine trait emphasis? - answer-1. Purpose 2. Situation 3. Priorities What are four signs of bloat? - answer-1. Head stretched out 2. Protruding tongue 3. Stomach on left side protruding 4. Isolation 5. grunting What vitamins are produced by the rumen microbes? - answer-Vitamins B