Data Management Applications C170
What is a table?
A table is a persistent representation of a logical relation that is a relation whose contents can be
saved for permanent use.
What are the characteristics of a relational table?
The characteristics of a relational table are that a table is perceived as a two-dimensional structure
composed of rows and columns, each row (tuple) represents a single entity occurrence within the set,
each column represents an attribute, each column has a distinct name, each intersection of a row and
column represents a single data value, all values in a column must be of the same data format, the
order of the rows and columns don't matter to the DBMS, and
each table must have an attribute (or combination of attributes) that uniquely identifies each row
(tuple).
What is a tuple?
A tuple is a row that represents a single entity occurrence within a set.
What are records?
A record is the same as a tuple (row).
What is a field?
A field is a column.
What is a key?
A key consists of one or more attributes that determine other attributes. For example, a social
security number identifies all of the other attributes related to that person.
What is determination?
Determination is the state in which knowing the value of one attribute allows you to determine the
value of another attribute. For example, if you know a key, you can find other information.
What is functional dependence?
Functional dependence is when knowing the value of one or more attributes lets you know the value
of the other attributes. For example, knowing the first name and the social security number would let
you find the person's last name.
What is full functional dependence?
Full functional dependence is when knowing the value of one or more attributes lets you know the
value of other attributes and the value of the known attributes are NEEDED to find the other
attributes. For example, a social security number lets you find the first and last name of someone. This
is full functional dependence. If it was a social security number and a first name this would just be
functional dependence because the first name is not required to look up the last name. All you need is
the SSN.
What is a determinant?
A determinant is an attribute whose value determines the value of other attributes. For example, a
social security number could be the determinant for your last name.
,What is a dependent?
A dependent is an attribute whose value is determined by another attribute. For example, you last
name could be a dependent of your social security number.
What is a composite key?
A composite key is a key that is composed of one or more attribute. For example, the key of your last
name and you social security number could be used to determine your first name. This would be a
composite key because you are using your last name and your SSN in the key.
What is a superkey?
A superkey is a key that can uniquely identify any row in a table. Some examples of this would be your
social security number identifying a row corresponding to your information, but a superkey isn't
limited to full functional dependence. Your SSN and your last name used as a key would still be a
superkey.
What is a candidate key?
A candidate key is a minimal super key. This is to say it has no extra attributes. If you only need a
social security number to identify the row related to a person than the candidate key is the SSN. A key
consisting of an SSN and the last name in this case would not be a candidate key.
What is entity integrity?
Entity integrity is the condition in which each row (entity instance or tuple) in the table has it's own
unique identity. This requires that all values in the primary key be unique and that the primary key
cannot be null.
What is a null?
A null is the absence of a data value. A null should be avoided whenever possible. In fact, you can set
a rule that prevents an attribute from being null. A null can create an issue when a function like
average is used.
What is a foreign key?
A foreign key is the primary key of one table that has been placed into another table to create a
common attribute. For instance, a student id number could be the primary key for information on a
student but a foreign key for a table containing a class roster.
What is referential integrity?
Referential integrity is the condition in which every reference to an entity instance by another entity
is valid. In other words, a foreign key needs to be either null or a valid primary key in another table.
What is a primary key?
A primary key is a candidate key selected to uniquely identify all other attributes in a given row and it
may not contain null entries. Examples of this include student ID's and social security numbers.
What is a secondary key?
A secondary key is a key that is used strictly for data retrieval purposes. A secondary key does not
always return a unique outcome. For instance, if a person doesn't know their student ID, you could
, still look them up by their first and last name in the system but that might return several students
with the same name and you'd have to look through the list to find the appropriate one.
What is a flag?
A flag is used to indicate the absence of some value to avoid using a null.
What is relational algebra?
Relational algebra defines the theoretical way of manipulating table contents using relational
operators.
What is a relvar?
A relvar is the variable that holds a relation. It is composed of two parts: a relvar heading and a relvar
body.
What is a relvar heading?
The relvar heading contains the name of the attributes.
What is a relvar body?
A relvar body contains the relation.
What is a relation (not in general terms where you can use table and relation interchangeably)?
A relation is the data that we see in our tables not the data itself. It's a relationship between sets of
information.
What is the property of closure?
Closure is a property that permits the use of relational operators on existing relations to create new
relations.
What is a unary operator?
A unary operator in regards to SQL is an operator that works on only one table.
What is the SELECT (sometimes referred to as RESTRICT) operator used for?
The SELECT (or RESTRICT) operator is used to select certain rows (aka tuples). It yields values for all
rows that satisfy a given condition. For example a SELECT statement that looks for students with a gpa
below 2.0 could be used to produce a table with all rows that contain a gpa lower than 2.0. Formally,
SELECT is denoted by a lower case sigma symbol. This is a unary operator that is it only accepts one
table as input.
What is the PROJECT operator used for?
The PROJECT operator is a unary operator that will return only the attributes requested that is to say
it yields columns. It does not limit the rows returned so it will return all rows within the requested
columns. Formally it is denoted by the Greek letter pi.
What is the UNION operator?
What is a table?
A table is a persistent representation of a logical relation that is a relation whose contents can be
saved for permanent use.
What are the characteristics of a relational table?
The characteristics of a relational table are that a table is perceived as a two-dimensional structure
composed of rows and columns, each row (tuple) represents a single entity occurrence within the set,
each column represents an attribute, each column has a distinct name, each intersection of a row and
column represents a single data value, all values in a column must be of the same data format, the
order of the rows and columns don't matter to the DBMS, and
each table must have an attribute (or combination of attributes) that uniquely identifies each row
(tuple).
What is a tuple?
A tuple is a row that represents a single entity occurrence within a set.
What are records?
A record is the same as a tuple (row).
What is a field?
A field is a column.
What is a key?
A key consists of one or more attributes that determine other attributes. For example, a social
security number identifies all of the other attributes related to that person.
What is determination?
Determination is the state in which knowing the value of one attribute allows you to determine the
value of another attribute. For example, if you know a key, you can find other information.
What is functional dependence?
Functional dependence is when knowing the value of one or more attributes lets you know the value
of the other attributes. For example, knowing the first name and the social security number would let
you find the person's last name.
What is full functional dependence?
Full functional dependence is when knowing the value of one or more attributes lets you know the
value of other attributes and the value of the known attributes are NEEDED to find the other
attributes. For example, a social security number lets you find the first and last name of someone. This
is full functional dependence. If it was a social security number and a first name this would just be
functional dependence because the first name is not required to look up the last name. All you need is
the SSN.
What is a determinant?
A determinant is an attribute whose value determines the value of other attributes. For example, a
social security number could be the determinant for your last name.
,What is a dependent?
A dependent is an attribute whose value is determined by another attribute. For example, you last
name could be a dependent of your social security number.
What is a composite key?
A composite key is a key that is composed of one or more attribute. For example, the key of your last
name and you social security number could be used to determine your first name. This would be a
composite key because you are using your last name and your SSN in the key.
What is a superkey?
A superkey is a key that can uniquely identify any row in a table. Some examples of this would be your
social security number identifying a row corresponding to your information, but a superkey isn't
limited to full functional dependence. Your SSN and your last name used as a key would still be a
superkey.
What is a candidate key?
A candidate key is a minimal super key. This is to say it has no extra attributes. If you only need a
social security number to identify the row related to a person than the candidate key is the SSN. A key
consisting of an SSN and the last name in this case would not be a candidate key.
What is entity integrity?
Entity integrity is the condition in which each row (entity instance or tuple) in the table has it's own
unique identity. This requires that all values in the primary key be unique and that the primary key
cannot be null.
What is a null?
A null is the absence of a data value. A null should be avoided whenever possible. In fact, you can set
a rule that prevents an attribute from being null. A null can create an issue when a function like
average is used.
What is a foreign key?
A foreign key is the primary key of one table that has been placed into another table to create a
common attribute. For instance, a student id number could be the primary key for information on a
student but a foreign key for a table containing a class roster.
What is referential integrity?
Referential integrity is the condition in which every reference to an entity instance by another entity
is valid. In other words, a foreign key needs to be either null or a valid primary key in another table.
What is a primary key?
A primary key is a candidate key selected to uniquely identify all other attributes in a given row and it
may not contain null entries. Examples of this include student ID's and social security numbers.
What is a secondary key?
A secondary key is a key that is used strictly for data retrieval purposes. A secondary key does not
always return a unique outcome. For instance, if a person doesn't know their student ID, you could
, still look them up by their first and last name in the system but that might return several students
with the same name and you'd have to look through the list to find the appropriate one.
What is a flag?
A flag is used to indicate the absence of some value to avoid using a null.
What is relational algebra?
Relational algebra defines the theoretical way of manipulating table contents using relational
operators.
What is a relvar?
A relvar is the variable that holds a relation. It is composed of two parts: a relvar heading and a relvar
body.
What is a relvar heading?
The relvar heading contains the name of the attributes.
What is a relvar body?
A relvar body contains the relation.
What is a relation (not in general terms where you can use table and relation interchangeably)?
A relation is the data that we see in our tables not the data itself. It's a relationship between sets of
information.
What is the property of closure?
Closure is a property that permits the use of relational operators on existing relations to create new
relations.
What is a unary operator?
A unary operator in regards to SQL is an operator that works on only one table.
What is the SELECT (sometimes referred to as RESTRICT) operator used for?
The SELECT (or RESTRICT) operator is used to select certain rows (aka tuples). It yields values for all
rows that satisfy a given condition. For example a SELECT statement that looks for students with a gpa
below 2.0 could be used to produce a table with all rows that contain a gpa lower than 2.0. Formally,
SELECT is denoted by a lower case sigma symbol. This is a unary operator that is it only accepts one
table as input.
What is the PROJECT operator used for?
The PROJECT operator is a unary operator that will return only the attributes requested that is to say
it yields columns. It does not limit the rows returned so it will return all rows within the requested
columns. Formally it is denoted by the Greek letter pi.
What is the UNION operator?
