BIOL 2302 Exam 3 Kasparian Questions With 100% Correct Answers!!

What are the two functions of the lymphatic vessels? - Answer-1) Return excess fluid from intracellular space to blood circulation 2) anatomical seat of immune system What is the correct order of lymphatic vessels that lymph travel from intracellular space back to circulation? (Smallest to Largest) - Answer-Lymphatic capillaries Lymphatic collecting vessels lymphatic trunks lymphatic ducts What type of tissue are lymphatic capillaries made of? - Answer-Simple squamous epithelium Describe the lymphatic capillary structure - Answer-Overlapped simple squamous cells that form simple values to collect intracellular fluid What type of filament holds down lymphatic capillaries to the surrounding connective tissue - AnswerCollagen filaments What force allows interstitial fluid to flow into the lymphatic vessels? - Answer-A difference in hydrostatic pressures between interstitial fluid and lymph in the capillary What are lacteals? - Answer-capillaries in intestinal mucosa that absorb lipid globules to be metabolized by the liver What is the fluid driving force to transport lymph in the collecting vessels? - Answer-skeletal and respiratory pumps Lymphatic trunks drain which major body regions? - Answer-LumbarBronchomidiastinal Subclavian Jugular Intestinal Where does the Right lymphatic duct drain? - Answer-Right side of the upper arm, thorax and head (Thoracic duct gets the rest of the body) Which veins do the two ducts empty lymph back into blood circulation? - Answer-Jugular and Subclavian vein What are the two classes of lymphoid cells? - Answer-T lymphocytes B lymphocytes What type of tissue is diffuse lymphoid tissue made of? - Answer-Reticular connective tissue Where is diffuse lymphoid tissue located? - Answer-lamina propria of the mucous membrane What is the structure of lymphoid follicles? - Answer-spherical collections of diffuse lymphoid tissue with in a fibrous capsule arranged around a germinal center containing dendritic cells and B lymphocytes What are lymph nodes? - Answer-Packets of lymphoid follicles that house lymphocytes and macrophages that filter lymph to initiate the immune response What makes up the cortex of lymph nodes? - Answer-follicles housing B lymphocytes What makes up the medulla? - Answer-reticular connective tissue that allows sinus of lymph to be filtered housing T lymphocytes Why are there more afferent vessels than efferent vessels? - Answer-slow down the flow of lymph to allow enough time for immune cells to initiate their responseWhat are the two functions of the spleen? - Answer-1) lymphocyte proliferation 2) Erythrocyte recycling What are the differences between white pulp and red pulp? - Answer-White pulp - made up of lymphocytes in reticular tissue Red pulp - venous sinus with high concentration of red blood cells What is the structure that forms inward capsules that extend inward into the medulla of the spleen that stores platelets and broken down erythrocytes? - Answer-Trabeculae What structure is responsible for secretion of hormones that causes T-cells to be immunocompetent? - Answer-Thymus When is the thymus most active? - Answer-infancy to childhood When does the thymus begin to atrophy? - Answer-Adolescence Why is the thymus not a true lymphatic organ? - Answer-It is made of epithelial cells and not reticular fibers as found in lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues Which tonsil is located in the posterior oral cavity? - Answer-Palatine tonsils Which tonsil is located in the base of the tongue? - Answer-Lingual tonsils Which tonsil is located in the posterior nasopharynx? - Answer-Pharyngeal Tonsils Which tonsil is located in the auditory tubes? - Answer-Tubal tonsilsHow is the tonsil different from a lymph node? - Answer-The tissue is not fully encapsulated where it forms a blind-ended crypt to trap pathogens entering the nasal and oral cavities What type of lymphoid structure is located in the walls of the ileum of the small intestine and appendix? - Answer-Peyer's patches Peyer's patches, tonsils and diffuse lymphoid tissue are all examples of what class of lymphoid structures? - Answer-Mucous Associated Lymphoid Tissue What immune system has barriers, chemical mechanisms and has non-specific immune response tendencies? - Answer-Innate defenses What immune system has specific mechanisms of defense and is prone to priming a stronger secondary response for max effectiveness against foreign antigens? - Answer-Adaptive defenses What two structures act as the bodies first line of defense? - Answer-Skin Mucous membrane What are the protective features of the skin? - Answer-1) Keratinized epidermis - resistant to bacterial enzymes and strong acids/bases 2) Waterproof 3) Dynamic - stratum corner wears off to remove bacteria 4) Sebum - traps materials and prevents entrance to the body What are the protective features of the mucous membrane? - Answer-1) Mucus - traps materials to be removed from the body 2) Defense chemicals - acids/digestive enzymes and water What types of molecules help immune cells recognize self from non-self? - Answer-glycoproteins Monocytes later differentiate into what type of phagocyte? - Answer-MacrophagesKupffer cells are phagocytes found in what organ? - Answer-Liver What phagocyte is found in the brain? - Answer-Microglia