WGU - C458 - Health, Wellness and Fitness questions and answers

Amphetamines Uppers, stimulants. Legitimate and useful medical applications, but often abused. Example Ritalin for ADHD. Adderall for obesity, ADHD and narcolepsy. Ecstasy MDMA. Club drug often used at all night dance parties (raves). Stimulant that increases heart rate and blood pressure and can lead to heart or kidney failure; regular use produces long-lasting, perhaps permanent, damage to your brains ability to think and store memories. Hallucinogens Substances that occur naturally or produce synthetically that distort user's perception of reality; cause sensory illusions that make it difficult to distinguish fact from fantasy. Example: LSD, peyote, PCP. Barbiturates Historically represented one of nations biggest drug abuse problems. Generally known as downers, often taken as a way of escaping problems of daily living. Effects range from person feeling drowsy, uninhibited, and intoxicated to intoxication and staggering as if drunk, slurred speech, confused. Nicotine Found in tobacco. Potent parasympathetic alkaloid, stimulant drug, addictive. Associated with cardiovascular disease, potential birth defects, and poisoning. Associated with cancer. Suppositories Drug delivery system inserted into rectum, vagina, or urethra where it dissolves or melts and is absorbed into the bloodstream. Diuretics Promotes production of urine. Used for high blood pressure. Often used by bulimics for weight loss. Intravenous injection A route of drug administration directly into the bloodstream through a vein. Yield sstrongest and most rapid effact but is most dangerous due to risk of infection, vein collapse, or overdose. Intramuscular injection A route of drug administration; injected into the muscle. Drug abuse Generally refers to chronic, excessive use of a drug. May also refer to a person's intent. Drug inhibition (receptor site) THC Active ingredient in marijuana. Connects to nerve cell sites and brain called cannabinoid receptors and influences the activity of those cells. Influences pleasure, memory, thought, concentration, sensory and time perception, and coordinated movement. Increases risk of heart attack. Increases risk of cancer. Can lead to depression anxiety and personality disturbances. Causes birth defects. Can be used for medical purposes: glaucoma, Chemotherapy cause to nausea and vomiting, appetite stimulant, antiasthmatic, seizures, muscle relaxant action. Receptor sites (of a drug) Target cells for drugs. OTC drugs Over-the-counter drugs; such as, cough medicine, pain medication, allergy medication that don't require prescriptions. Tolerance Some drugs are used frequently, large doses are required to maintain the same effect Anabolic steroids Synthetic variant of the male sex hormone testosterone Opioids Substances that act on the nervous system, medications that are artificially made, reduce the intensity of pain signals reaching the brain and affect those brain areas controlling emotion which diminishes the effects of a painful stimulus; Morphine, tramadol, oxycodone, methadone Endorphins Endogenous opioid neuropeptides. Produced by central nervous system and pituitary gland. Released during exercise, interact with the receptors in your brain to reduce perception of pain, trigger positive body feeling, similar to morphine GRASE list (FDA) Generally recognized as safe by the FDA for use in food and drugs Epinephrine Sometimes called adrenaline; secreted by the adrenal medulla; stimulation of the meulla by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system causes release of hormones, especially epinephrine, into the blood to initiate short-term fight or flight response to stress Synergism Combined action of drugs is greater than the sum of the effects of anyone drug taking a loan. For example, some drugs potentiate or increase the effects of another drug. Prostaglandin inhibitors NSAIDs. Medications that act on prostaglandins, compounds that regulate muscle contractions. Benzodiazepines Class of psychoactive drug; court chemical structure is fusion of benzene ring and a diazepine ring. Examples: diazepam (Valium), alpazolam (Xanax), clonazepam (klonopin), Lorazepam (Ativan), MIdazolam Narcotics Any of a group of drugs such as heroin and morphine that produce numbness and stupor. Commonly used to relieve pain; may cause addiction. Polydrug use Refers to the use of two or more psychoactive drugs in combination to achieve a particular effect. Antagonism Inhibition of or interference with the action of one substance organism by another Analgesics pain killer; member of the group of drugs used to achieve relief from pain. acts various ways on the peripheral and central nervous systems Antibiotics Type of antimicrobial used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infection; may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. Route of administration The path by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substances taken into the body. Classified by location at which the substances applied, oral an intravenous. Cross tolerance Phenomenon that occurs when someone who is tolerant to the effects of a certain drugs also develop a tolerance to another drug. LDL Low density lipoprotein's. Bad cholesterol. Put your heart at risk. Collects on the walls of blood vessels working cause blockages. HDL High density lipoprotein's. Well behaved good cholesterol removes harmful cholesterol. Reduces the risk for heart disease Carbohydrate Biological molecule consisting of carbon hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Consist of simple sugars and starches. Provides energy for working muscles, fuel for central nervous system, enables fat metabolism, prevents protein from being used as energy. Protein Large biomolecules or macromolecules consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Does most of the work in cells required for the structure function and regulation of the bodies tissues and st of eight essential and 12 nonessential amino acids. Lipids Store energy, signal and act as structural components of cell membranes. Molecules that contain hydrocarbons and make up the building blocks of the structure and function of living cells; a group of naturally occurring molecules that includes fats, waxes sterols and fat soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, E, K) monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, phospholipids. Triglycerides Main constituents of natural fats and oils. High concentrations in the blood indicate elevated risk of stroke. 9 calories per gram - most concentrated source of energy in diet. Water-soluble vitamins Can dissolve in water. Carried to the body's tissues but not stored in the body. Found in plant and animal foods or dietary supplements and must be taken daily. Vitamin C and B. Fat-soluble vitamins Vitamins that are soluble in fats or lipids, usually absorbed in fat globules that travel through the lymphatic system of small intestine and into general blood circulation within body. Stored in body tissues. Vitamins a and E. RDA of sodium Recommended dietary allowance for sodium is average intake level of what you should be getting from your diet daily. No more than 2300 mg daily or 1500 if you're older than 51 or black or have high blood pressure, diabetes or chronic kidney disease Amino acids Create protein molecules. Eight essential provided by diet, 12 nonessential synthesized by body. All 20 required for proper nutrition Basal metabolism Minimum amount of energy required by body to maintain essential body functions (temperature, muscle tone, respiration) Cholesterol A compound of the sterol type found in most body tissues, including blood and nerves. Important constituent of cell membranes. High concentrations in blood promote atherosclerosis Glycogen Polysaccharide that is principal storage form of glucose in cells Incomplete proteins Low or lacking in one or more of the amino acid needed to build cells. Found in plant foods and can be mixed together to make a complete protein HDL LDL recommended levels HDL should be above 40 for men and above 50 women; above 60 is excellent. LDL should be less than 130. Trans fats A type of unsaturated fat. Created in an industrial process that adds hydrogen to liquid vegetable oils to make them more solid. Commonly found in processed food and labeled as partially hydrogenated oil. Saturated fats Saturated with hydrogen atoms. The more saturated it is the more solid it is at room temperature. Unsaturated fats Missing hydrogen atoms. Less solid at room temp. Omega-3 and omega-6 Polysaccharide Long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. Three important types (starch glycogen and cellulose) are composed of glucose.