Bio 208 CSULB EXAM 1 (Perlman B.) Questions & Answers Already Passed!!

Anatomy - Study of human body structures Anatomical position - common frame of reference from which all body parts and regions are described: • Body is standing upright; feet are shoulder width apart, with upper limbs at sides of trunk and head and palms facing forward • Body is always referred to as if it were in _____________________, even when it's in another position • "Right" and "left" always refers to right and left sides of body being described, not our own Anterior - refers to front, in humans while posterior refers to back; can refer to either body as a whole or to a body part Superior (cranial) - Towards the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above Inferior (cranial) - away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below Proximal - Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Distal - farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Midline - divides body into left and right Dorsal - toward the back Ventral - Toward the bellysuperficial - near the surface deep - Away from the body surface; more internal sagittal plane - divides body into left and right midsagittal plane - divides the body into equal right and left sides parasagittal plane - Divides body into unequal right and left sides frontal plane - divides the body into anterior and posterior portions transverse plane - divides the body into superior and inferior parts oblique plane - divides body at an angle Dorsal Body Cavity - largely located on posterior side of body; subdivided into two cavities Cranial cavity - within skull; protects brain (communication) Vertebral (spinal) cavity - within vertebral column; protects spinal cord (communication) Ventral Body Cavity - separated into two divisions by diaphragm Thoracic cavity and its subdivisions - are superior to diaphragm; divided into three smaller cavities:Pleural cavities - each surround either left or right lung Mediastinum - between pleural cavities; houses heart, great vessels = pulmonary trunk and aorta, trachea, and esophagus Pericardial cavity - within mediastinum; within serous membrane that surrounds heart Abdominopelvic cavity and its subdivisions - are inferior to diaphragm; subdivided into superior abdominal cavity = spans from diaphragm to bony pelvis and pelvic cavity = area within bony pelvis • Contains organs from several systems = digestive, lymphatic, reproductive, and urinary Pleural membranes - • Consist of outer parietal pleura (follow contours of thoracic wall) and inner visceral pleura (runs along surface of lungs) Pericardial membranes - • Consist of outer parietal pericardium = separates heart from mediastinum and inner visceral pericardium -Space created by pericardial membranes forms pericardial cavity Peritoneal membranes - =surrounds some of abdominal organs •Consist of outer parietal peritoneum and inner visceral peritoneum • Space between these layers forms peritoneal cavity • Doesn't cover every organ; kidneys lie outside of and behind parietal peritoneum and are thus called retroperitoneal organs (digestive system later)