NUSCTX 10, Midterm 1 - UC Berkeley Questions And Answers Rated A+ New Update Assured Satisfaction

Anabolism - Uses energy to construct components of cells. Catabolism - Breaks down organic matter, for example, to harvest energy. Nutrient Density - A measure of the nutrient a food provides compared to its energy content. Trace Minerals - Needed only in tiny amounts. These minerals participate in most chemical reactions in the body. These include iron, zinc, iodine, copper, manganese. Protein Complementation - The act of consuming a variety of plant products to provide all the necessary protein components. Essential Fatty Acids - Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids. May reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Obtained from canola oil, flaxseed oil, cold-water fish, or fish oil. Metabolism - The set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. Mitochondrial Matrix - The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle.Respiration - Is needed to produce a hydrogen (electron-proton) gradient. Falsifiability - Capable of being tested by experiment or observation. Endoplasmic Reticulum - A system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids. Lipid metabolism occurs in Smooth ER Protein synthesis occurs in Rough ER Lysosome - A small, round cell structure containing chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller ones. Enzyme - Biological catalysts that work by lowering the activation energy for a reaction, thus dramatically increasing the rate of the reaction. Oxidation - A chemical change in which a substance combines with oxygen, as when iron oxidizes, forming rust Entropy - A quantitative measure of disorder or randomness. Breaking down. Villi - Fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption. Calor - Mass(Velocity) Calorimetry - Direct and indirect are used to measure quantities of heat.Gross Energy - The total energy intake in the diet. Metabolizable Energy - Digestible energy minus fecal and urinary energy. Basal Metabolic Rate - Energy to maintain life processes. Factors that affect it include: age, growth, height, % lean tissue, fasting, starvation, malnutrition, fever, hormones, and sleep. 70% of total energy use by body depends on lean body mass Pair-feeding - An experimental method in which food intake or energy (calorie) intake are limited to become same between animal groups and to exclude effects in the animals by differences of food (energy) intake. Turnover - The movement of something into, through and out of a place, the rate at which a thing is depleted and replaced. Thyroxine - The main hormone produced by the thyroid gland, acting to increase metabolic rate and so regulating growth and development. Affects BMR. Adaptive Thermogenesis - Heat production, shivering, excess heat from overeating, adaption to trauma, stress, very different for different people, not usually included in energy calculations. W^(3/4) - Metabolic rate is proportional to weight (kg) to the 3/4 power Lumen - A cavity or passage in a tubular organ. Cephalic - Pertaining to the head.Autonomic - A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. Controls involuntary activity of visceral muscles and internal organs and glands. Sensory Cells - Specialized cells that react to external stimuli. Enteric Neuron - The enteric nervous system or intrinsic nervous system is one of the main divisions of the autonomic nervous system and consists of a mesh-like system of neurons that governs the function of the gastrointestinal system.