BIOL 235 Midterm 2 Exam Questions and Answers Latest Updated 2024/2025 Graded A+.

BIOL 235 Midterm 2 Exam Questions and Answers Latest Updated 2024/2025 Graded A+. between the origin and insertion which is usually located proximally in limbs ? - Origin What happens during REVERSE MUSCLE ACTION? - specific movements of the body the actions are reversed THEREFOR the positions of the origin and insertion of a muscle are switched What is a mechanical advantage using the example of a lever? - if the load is closer to the fulcrum and the effort is farther from the fulcrum only a small about of effort is needed to move the load Bones serve as levers and joints serve as ________ for the lever - fulcrum Agonist (Prime Movers) _________ muscles while antagonist ____________ muscles - contract, relax What are muscles that contract and stabilize the intermediate joints called? - synergists What is a group of skeletal muscles, their blood vessels, and nerves called? - Compartment Origin an insertion of the masseter - Origin = maxilla and zygomatic arch Insertion = angle and ramus of the mandible What is the origin of the deltoid ? - acromial extremity of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula What are the 3 muscles that make up the hamstring ? - semimebranosous, semitendinosus, biceps femoris What 4 muscles make up the Quads ? - rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedialis What do you call a small mass of nervous tissue that is made up primarily of neuron cell bodies? - Ganglia BIOL 235 Midterm 2 Exam Questions and Answers Latest Updated | Graded The somatic nervous system only sends impulses to ________ muscles - skeletal Fight or Flight is associated with which division of the autonomic nervous system? - Sympathetic What is the ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it into an action potential? - electrical excitability What type of neurons usually have several dendrite and on axon , and are norm ally found in brain and spinal cord as well as motor neurons? - Multipolar What type of neurons have one main dendrite and one axon as well as are primarily found in the retina of the eye, inner ear, and the olfactory area of brain? - Bipolar What type of neurons has dendrites and one axon that are fused together to form a continuous process that emerges from the cell body? - Unipolar or Pseudounipolar The processes of ________ make contact with blood capillaries, neurons, and the pia mater - astrocytes What neuroglia has these functions? 1. contain microfilaments that give them strength and allow them to support neurons 2. contributes to the effectiveness of BBB embyro, they secret chemicals that regulate things 4. help maintain an appropriate chemical environment for nerve impulse generation 5. play a role in hearing and memory - Astrocytes What neuroglia resemble astrocytes but are smaller and contain fewer processes as well as are responsible fro forming nd maintiang myelin sheath? - Oligodendrocytes What neuroglia are small cells with slender processes that give them a spine like projections as well as act as phagocytes? - Microglial Cells What type of neurglia cells are cuboidal and columanr arranged in a single layer that possess microvilli and cilia? they produce and possibly monitor and assist in the circulation of CSF - Ependymal Cells What are the 2 types of neuroglia in the PNS? - Schwann and satellite cells What type of motor neuron directly supplies skeletal muscle fibers? - lower motor neurons What do all of these factors contribute to? 1. unequal distribution of ions in the ECF and cytosol 2. inability of most anions to leave the cells 3. electrogenic nature of the sodium potassium ATPases - Resting membrane potential Hyperpolarized cells are _______ negative inside ? - More What mode of travel by which graded potentials die out as they spread along the membrane ? - decremental conduction What kind of ion channels are found in nearly all cells, including dendrites, cell bodies, and axons of all types of neurons? - Leak channels What kind of ion channel can be found in pain receptors? - mechanically-gated channels What refractory period causes voltage gated sodium channel activation gates are open as well as the voltage gated potassium channels are opening and then sodium channels are inactivating? - absolute refractory period Sodium channels are ______ and potassium channels are ________ during the relative refractory period ? - closed, open What do we classify based on amount of myelination, diameters, and propagation speeds? - Nerve fibers What is the largest nerve fiber? - A fibers What do you call a synapse that goes from an axon to cell body? - axosomatic What do you call a synapse between 2 axons? - axoaxonic Synchronization and faster communications are advantages of what? - electrical synapses Voltage gated channels are located on which synaptic neuron? - the presynaptic neuron An ISPS is a __________________potential - hyperpoalrizing What kind of receptor contain a NT binding site and an ion channel from the same protein? - Ionotropic receptor What are the 2 types of neurotransmitters? - small-molecule NT & neuropeptide after an injury to a process of a normal peripheral neuron the nissel bodies break down into fine granular masses, what is this called? - chromatolysis The _____________________ is the space between the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral canal - epidural space What are the sub layers of the meninges? - subdural space and subarachnoid space What part of the spinal cord contains somatic motor nuclei which provide nerve impulses for contraction of skeletal muscles? - the anterior (ventral) gray horns Which gray horns contain autonomic motor nuclei which regulate activity of cardiac and smooth muscle as well as glands? - the lateral gray horns Dermatomes are areas of skin that provide sensory input to the CNS via the posterior roots of one pair of spinal nerves via the __________ nerve. - trigeminal (V) direct motor pathways cause _________ movements - voluntary What are the 5 parts of a reflex arc? - 1. sensory receptor 2. sensory neruon 3. integrating center 4. motor neuron 5. effector What do you call an arrangement where sensiry nerve impulses enter the spinal cord on the same side from which the motor nerve impulses leave it? - Ipsilateral reflex What reflex operates as a feedback mechanism to control muscle tension by causing muscle relaxation - tendon reflex What are these the functions of ? 1. mechanical protection 2. homeostatic function 3. circulation - Cerebrospinal fluid What do the medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, and the reticular formation make up? - The brain stem What carries out these functions? -control of the ANS -production of hormones -regulation of emotion and behavioral patterns and eating and drinking - control of body temp -regulation of circadian rhythms and states of consciousness - the dicephalon which consists of the thalamus and the hypothalamus the pineal gland is part of the ___________ system - endocrine What are the roles of the epithalamus? - -secrets melatonin via the pineal gland -regulates blood pressure, fluid balance, hunger, and thirst