Science Olympiad Dynamic Planet Exam Questions And Answers

Science Olympiad Dynamic Planet Exam Questions And Answers volcano - answera weak spot in the crust where magma has come through the surface magma - answerthe molten mixture of rock-forming substances, gases and water from the mantle lava - answerliquid magma that reaches Earth's surface Ring of Fire - answera major belt of volcanoes that rims the Pacific Ocean island arc - answera string of volcanoes that form as a result of subduction of one oceanic plate beneath a second oceanic plate hot spot - answeran area where magma from deep within the mantle melts through the crust above it magma chamber - answerthe pocket beneath a volcano where magma collects pipe - answera long tube through which magma moves from the magma chamber to earths surface vent - answerthe opening through which molten rock and gas leave a volcano lava flow - answerthe area covered by lava as it pours out of a volcano's vent crater - answera bowl-shaped area that forms around a volcano's central opening silica - answera material found in magma that is formed from the elements oxygen and silicon; it is primary substance of Earth's crust and mantle pyroclastic flow - answerthe flow of ash, cinders, bombs and gases down the side of a volcano during an explosive eruption dormant - answernot currently active but able to become active in the future extinct - answerterm used to describe a volcano that is no longer active and unlikely to erupt again caldera - answerthe large hole at the top of a volcano formed when a roof of a volcano's magma chamber collapses cinder cone - answera steep, cone shaped hill or small mountain made of volcanic ash, cinders, and bombs piled up around a volcano's opening composite volcano - answera tall, cone shaped mountain in which layers of lava alternate with layers of ash and other volcanic materials shield volcano - answera wide, gently sloping mountain made of layers of lava an formed by quiet eruptions volcanic neck - answera deposit of hardened magma in a volcano's pipe dike - answera slab of volcanic rock formed when magma forces itself across rock layers sill - answera slab of volcanic rock formed when magma squeezes between layers of rock batholith - answera mass of rock formed when a large body of magma cools inside the crust. Aa - answerbasaltic lava having a rough surface pahoehoe - answerA type of lava having a smooth (rope like), swirled surface. It is highly fluid and spreads out in shiny sheets Epicenter - answerThe point on Earth's surface directly above an earthquake's focus. Earthquake - answerThe shaking that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth's surface. Compression - answerStress that squeezes rock until it folds or breaks. Focus - answerThe point beneath Earth's surface where rock first breaks under stress and causes an earthquake. Magnitude - answerThe measurement of an earthquake's strength based on seismic waves and movement along faults. Modified Mercalli Scale - answerA scale that rates the amount of shaking from an earthquake. Moment Magnitude Scale - answerA scale that rates earthquakes by estimating the total energy released by an earthquake. Normal Fault - answerA type of fault where the hanging wall slides downward; caused by tension in the crust. Plateau - answerA large landform that has high elevation and a more or less level surface. P wave - answerA type of seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground; the fastest seismic wave Richter Scale - answerA scale that rates an earthquake's magnitude based on the size of seismic waves. Reverse Fault - answerA type of fault where the hanging wall slides upwards; caused by compression in the crust. Seismograph - answerA device that records ground movements caused by seismic waves as they move through Earth. S wave - answerA type of seismic wave in which the shaking is perpendicular to the direction of the wave. Shearing/Transverse waves. Surface Wave - answerA type of seismic wave that forms when P waves and S waves reach Earth's surface. Shearing - answerStress that pushes masses of rock in opposite directions of, in a sideways movement Stress - answerA force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume. Tension - answerStress that stretches rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle. Strike-slip fault - answerA type of fault in which rocks on either side move past each other sideways with little or no downward motion. Seismogram - answerThe record of an earthquake's seismic waves produced by a seismograph. Continental Drift - answerthe hypothesis that the continents slowly move across Earth's surface. Pangaea - answerThe name of the single landmass that began to break apart 200 million years ago and produced today's continents. Fossil - answerThe preserved remains or trances of an organism that lived in the past. Mid-ocean ridge - answerAn undersea mountain chain where new ocean floor is produced; a divergent plate boundary Sea-floor spreading - answerThe process by which molten material add new oceanic crust to the ocean floor. Deep-ocean trench - answerA deep valley along the ocean floor beneath which oceanic crust slowly sinks towards the mantle. Subduction - answerThe process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle at a convergent plate boundary.