Honors Chemistry Final Exam Study Guide 2024 with Complete Solutions

Honors Chemistry Final Exam Study Guide 2024 with Complete Solutions Mole - Answer- SI unit for measuring the amount of substance; Molar Mass - Answer- the mass of a mole of an element Representative particles - Answer- refers to the species present in a substance: usually atoms, molecules, or formula units Avogadro's number - Answer- the number of representative particles in a mole Avogadro's hypothesis - Answer- states that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of particles Molar volume - Answer- the quantity, 22.4 L Dimensional analysis - Answer- mole to mass, mole to volume Percent Composition - Answer- percent by mass of each element in the compound by which the relative amounts of the elements in a compound are expressed STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure) - Answer- a temperature of 0˚C and a pressure of 101.3 kPa, or 1 atmosphere (atm) Empirical formula - Answer- the basic ratio gives the lowest whole-number ratio of the atoms of the elements contained in the compound Molecular formula - Answer- either the same as its experimentally determined empirical formula, or it is a simple whole-number multiple of its empirical formual Types of reactions - Answer- the five general types of reaction are combination, decomposition, single-replacement, double-replacement, and combustion Single replacement - Answer- a chemical change in which one element replaces a second element in a compound Double replacement - Answer- a chemical change involving an exchange of positive ions between two compounds Combination - Answer- a chemical change in which two or more substances react to form a single new substance Decomposition - Answer- a chemical change in which a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler products Combustion - Answer- a chemical change in which a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler products Predicting products - Answer- the number of elements and/or compounds reacting is a good indicator of possible reaction type and thus possible products Stoichiometry - Answer- the calculation of quantities in chemical reactions; subject of chemistry Limiting Reactants - Answer- the regent that determines the amount of product that can be formed by a reaction Excess reactants - Answer- the reactant that is not completely used up in a reaction Actual yield - Answer- the amount of product that actually forms when the reaction is carried out in the laboratory Theoretical yield - Answer- the maximum amount of product that could be formed from given amounts of reactants Percent yield - Answer- the ration of the actual yield to the theoretical yield expressed as a percent. Mole ratios - Answer- a conversion factor derived from the coefficients of a balanced chemical equation interpreted in terms of moles Gases - Answer- - the particles in a gas are considered to be small, hard spheres with an insignificant volume. - the motion of the particles in a gas is rapid, constant, and random. -All collisions between paricles in a gas are perfectly elastic Liquids - Answer- - the interplay between the disruptive motions of particles in a liquid and the attractions among the particles determines the physical properties of liquids Solids - Answer- - the general properties of solids reflect the orderly arrangement of their particles and their fixed locations of their particles Kinetic energy - Answer- the energy an object has because of its motion Kinetic theory - Answer- all matter consists of tiny particles that are in constant motion Phase changes - Answer- the conditions of pressure and temperature at which two pahses exist in equilibrium are indicated on a phase diagram by a line separating the phases Elastic collisions - Answer- kinetic energy is transferred without loss from one particle ot another, and the total kinetic energy remains constant melting point - Answer- the temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid boiling point - Answer- the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is just equial to the external pressure on the liquid - When a liquid is heated to a temperature at which particles throughout the liquid have enough kinetic energy to vaporize, the liquid begins to boi