AP PSYCHOLOGY EXAM REVIEW QUESTION AND ANSWERS GRADE A+ EDITION

Wilhelm Wundt Set up the first psychological laboratory. Used Introspection and Structuralism Introspection Subject is asked to record exactly their thought reactions to a simple stimuli Structuralism Idea that the mind operates by combining subjective emotions and object sensations William James Published "Principles of Psychology" and furthered Structuralism towards Functionalism Gestalt Psychology Against dividing thought and behavior; examine a person's total perception Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic approach who believed the unconscious mind showed who a person was - caused by repression of thoughts John Watson Behavioralist who said that psychology must focus on observable concepts - Little Albert Study Behavioralism Psychology should focus on only 'observable' behavior through stimuli and responses BF Skinner Expanded ideas of behavioralism to include the concept of reinforcement. He became the father of Operant Conditioning Reinforcement Environmental stimuli that encourage or discourage a response Eclectic Looking at thought/behavior from multiple perspectives - play it by ear Humanistic Psychology Stresses choice and free will of people; we choose our action and make our own destinies Psycho-Analytic Approach the unconscious mind controls much of our thought and action; to understand unconscious, dream analysis and other techniques are used Biological Psychology Human cognition and reactions are caused by our genes, hormones, and neurology Evolutionary Psychology Examine human thoughts and actions through natural selection - best thoughts/traits continue Cognitive Psychology Examine human thought and behavior by how we interpret, process, and remember events. Why we think the way we do Hindsight Bias People feel that they've "known all along" after hearing research findings that they did not know Applied Research research that has a clear, practical application that's used in life Basic Research Research that does not intend to impact immediate, real-world problems Hypothesis Expresses the relationship between the independent and dependent variables - based on theory Theory Attempt to explain a phenomena in a way that generates a testable hypothesis for support Valid Research Measures what the researcher intended and is accurate Reliable Research Research results can be replicated to find identical results Sampling Process of selecting subjects from a totally random cross-section of society Stratified Sampling Sampling of random people but all of whom meet a certain criteria (age, gender, race, etc) Case Study Used to get a full, detailed picture of one or a small group of participants. Not generalized Descriptive Statistics Describe a set of data by using frequency polygons (line graphs) and histograms (bar graphs) Central Tendency Attempt to mark the center of distribution (mean median mode) Positively Scewed Central Tendency is higher because of an outlier. Mean > Median in this case Negatively Scewed Central Tendency is lowed because of an outlier. Mean < Median in this case Z Scores Measure the distance of a result to the standard mean. Scores below mean are negative and above are positive. Z Score = (score - mean) / (Standard Deviation) Correlation Measures the relationship between two variables; positive or negative Inferential Statistics Determine whether or not findings can be applied to a larger population than the sample that was selected; can the information be generalized and expanded Sampling Error The extent to which a sample differs from the actual population P Value Smaller a P-Value, the more significant the findings. Must be over a P-Value of .05 (5% chance of error) to be significant APA Ethical Guidelines No Coercion (voluntary). Informed Consent. Anonymity. Risk (not in risk of SERIOUS harm mentally or physically). Debriefing. Neoroanatomy Study of parts and functions of neurons Neurons Individual Nerve Cells Dendrites Root-looking part of a neuron that connects multiple neurons when attaching to the Terminal Buttons Axon Wire-like structure that extends from the cell body, covered by the Myelin Sheath for protection Terminal Buttons Branched end of a neuron that contains neurotransmitters. Connects to Dendrites Synapse The space between one neuron's Dendrites and another neurons Terminal Buttons Action Potential When a neuron fired and sends its message through the axon to the Dendrites, then onto the next neuron All of Nothing Principle CONTINUED...........