Psychology Midterm Ch. 1-7QUESTION AND ANSWERS GRADE A+ SOLUTIONS

Define Psychology the systematic study of behavior and experience ( perceptions and sensations) spirit, soul, mind. The Parent Disciplines of Psychology it should be its own science, not a mix of different disciplines. Who is Wilhelm Wundt () "the Founder" the study of consciousness and introspection. - first lab established in 1879 (germany) Who is G. Stanley Hall () " The Three 1st Man" 1st lab in U.S. 1883 ( John Hopkins University ) 1st psychology journal 1892 1st president of the APA Define Structuralism To analyze consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how these elements are related,Concerning sensation and perception in vision, hearing, and touch using the method of introspection - systematic self observation of ones own conscious experience. (Edward Titchner) Define Functionalism investigate the function or purpose of consciousness rather than its structure. (William James) no way to analyse the stream of consciousness. Who is Freud? () (freudian slips) founded the psychoanalytic school of thought. What is Psychoanalysis attempts to explain personality motivation and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior, Who is John Watson? () Behaviorism, he wanted a radical change to abandon the study of consciousness enjoy the power of verifiability! Define Behaviorism theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior, what can you see/ touch?? response or activity by an organism. Nature Vs. Nurture Nature: behavior is determined by genetic inheritance Nurture: behavior is determined by environment and experience. Who is B.F. Skinner () operant conditioning - positive/negative outcomes, how is behavior repeated?? environmental factors mold behavior an external stimuli, free will is and illusion. Who is Carl Rogers () Optimism! Humanism- humans are unique not like animals. pioneered a new approach called person centered therapy. Define Humanism emphasizes the unique qualities of humans especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth Who is Abraham Maslow ( ) Hierarchy of Human Needs! we are not pawns of animal heritage or environmental circumstances. studied Model Humans - self actualization. What are the levels and components of Maslow's pyramid? psychological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self actualization ( only a few people in the world have made it to self actualization.) What is clinical psychology? concerned with and treatment of psychological problems and disorders. psychotherapy assessment of mental illness and testing. What is cognitive psychology? mental process in acquiring knowledge, methods to studying mental events. What is cultural psychology? an increase in cultural diversity calls for cross cultural research. the study of how cultural events affect human behavior and mental experience What is evolutionary psychology? explains behavior in terms of the adaptive value. What are the 9 major research areas of psychology, and what do they each focus on specifically? 1. Developmental - Study of lifespan 2. Social - interpersonal behavior 3. Experiential - Sensation, perception, learning, emotions, etc. 4. physiological - brain, nervous system 5. cognitive - how we think, information processing, problem solving, decision making. nality - personality influencing behavior assess and describe 7. psychometrics - measuring and testing, 8. educational - how people learn and how to teach. 9. health - promotion and maintenance of physical health What is the difference between a psychologist and psychiatrist? psychiatrist - a branch of medican concerned with psychological disturbances. psychologist - therapy and counseling The 4 traits of behavior 1. determined by multiple causes 2. shaped by cultural heritage 3. influenced both by heritage and environment 4. persons experience is highly subjective Define Empiricism king of research methods! knowledge should be acquired through observation, seeing is believing! The steps of the scientific method events are governed by some lawful order, everything happens for a reason. 1. descriptions and understanding 2. theory must be testable 3. hypothesis must be testable What is the Forer Effect? a tendency for people to accept general or vague characterizations of themselves Define Theory a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations Define Hypothesis a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more things (variables) What is an operational definition? precise description of how variables will be measured or control a variable Define Independent Variable is controlled by the experimenter to see its impact on another variable Define Dependent Variable is observed and measured affected by manipulation of the independent variable Define Extraneous Variable are variables other than independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable Correlation does not equal causation CONTINUED......