PSYC 203 - Research Methods Exam Questions With 100% Correct!!

A priori method - A way of knowing, proposed by Charles Peirce, in which a person develops a belief by reasoning and reaching agreement with others who are convinced of the merits of the reasoned argument. Leading question - In a survey, a question asked in such a way that the answer desired by the questioner is clear. Simple effects analysis - Following an ANOVA, a follow-up test to a significant interaction, comparing individual cells. concurrent validity - the extent to which two measures of the same trait or ability agree Alpha level - The probability of making a Type I error; the significance level. Alternative hypothesis - The researcher's hypothesis about the outcome of a study (H1). Anecdotal evidence - Evidence from a single case that illustrates a phenomenon; when relied on exclusively, as in pseudoscience, faulty conclusions can easily be drawn. ANOVA - Short for ANalysis Of VAriance, the most common inferential statistical tool for analyzing the results of experiments when dependent variables are measured on interval or ratio scales. ANOVA source table - A standardized method for displaying the results of an analysis of vari- ance; includes sources of variance, sums of squares, degrees of freedom, mean squares (vari- ance), F ratios, and probability values. Anthrozoology - A branch of science primarily concerned with examining human-animal interactions.Application - A goal of science in which basic principles discovered through scientific methods are applied in order to solve problems. Applied research - Research with the goal of trying to solve an immediate real-life problem. Archival data - Data initially collected for a purpose not related to a current research study and then used later for a specific purpose in the current research. Assent - To give assent is to say "yes"; in the SRCD code of ethics for research with children, refers to the willingness of the child to participate in the study. ATI design - Aptitude by treatment interaction design; form of PxE factorial design found in educational research, the goal of which is to examine possible interactions between an apti- tude variable (person factor) and a treatment variable (environmental factor). Attrition - A threat to the internal validity of a study; occurs when participants fail to complete a study, usually but not necessarily a longitudinal study; those finishing the study may not be equivalent to those who started it. Authority - A way of knowing, proposed by Charles Peirce, in which a person develops a belief by agreeing with someone perceived to be an expert. Availability heuristic - Social cognition bias in which vivid or memorable events lead people to overestimate the frequency of occurrence of these events. basic research - Research with the goal of describing, predicting, and explaining fundamental principles of behavior. Belief perseverance - Unwillingness to consider evidence that contradicts a strongly held view; similar to Peirce's principle of tenacity. Between-subjects design. - An experimental design in which different groups of participants serve in the different conditions of the study. Biased sample - A sample that is not representative of the population.