Princeton PSY 255 Study Guide With Comprehensive Answers Graded A+| 2024.

Sperling's capacity limits and duration of sensory store - correct answer whole report method- flashed an array of letters and asked ps. to recall as many as they could; averaged about 4.5 out of 12 partial report method- flashed an array of letters and heard a tone indicating which row to report back; averaged about 3.3 out of 4; the tone was heard AFTER the stimuli, whatever trace of the letters remained was the participants answering guide Correspondance Problem - correct answer having multiple interpretations for what is seen on the retina; affects possibilities of retina's reflection because each point has a symmetrical point on the other eye's retina Episodic Memory - correct answer personal life knowledge; evidence: KC had severe damage to the hippocampus and couldn't relive events or form new memories, but could remember semantic information, LP had encephalitis and couldn't remember semantic information, but had largely intact personal life knowledge Semantic memory - correct answer knowledge about the general world; evidence: KC had severe damage to the hippocampus and couldn't relive events or form new memories, but could remember general world knowledge, LP had encephalitis and couldn't remember meanings of words, celebrities, etc., but had largely intact episodic memory Treisman's attenuation model of attention modifications - correct answer the attenuator analyzes the incoming message in terms of language, physical characteristics, and meaning; language and meaning can also be used to separate messages Operant conditioning - correct answer behavior is strengthened by presentation of reinforcers or punishment (examples of reinforcement: positive reinforcement = getting a treat, negative reinforcement = not having to do chores; examples of punishment: positive punishment = getting extra chores, negative punishment = getting your phone taken away) Testing effect - correct answer enhanced performance on a memory test multiple times evidence: study, study study; study, study, test; study, test, test- 5 min later SSS performed the best, 1 week later STT performed best Behaviorism (the role of mental representations) - correct answer observable behavior provides the only valid explanation and data for psychology; representations in behaviorism - our brain and experiences are completely reliant on directly observable behavior Donders behavioral measure (Reaction Time) - correct answer Two conditions Control: push button when light flashes Experimental: push L or R when light flashes- higher reaction time for when participants had to choose between left and right Inference: how long a mental response takes based on observable behavior- "mental responses cannot be measured directly but must be inferred from observing behavior" Reconsolidation - correct answer the idea that when a memory is retrieved/remembered, it becomes fragile it was when it was originally formed, and that when it is in this fragile state, it needs to be consolidated again Systematic error in scripts and schemas - correct answer evidence Allport and Postman (1947)- white man disheveled and yelling at black man but after a while the participants switched the races; based in racist stereotypes and schemas change things based on perceptions of the world and personal biases Bower, Black, and Turner (1979)- switched mixed up restaurant events to match script; memory is unreliable when things are inconsistent with our established scripts Depth perception - correct answer relies on a variety of monocular and binocular depth cues, retinal disparity is a binocular depth cue Illusory truth (and fluency) effect - correct answer enhanced probability of evaluating a statement to be true upon repeated presentation fluency: the ease with which a statement can be remembered, the more fluent a statement is and believable, the more likely we are to fall victim to this effect Encoding specificity - correct answer the place in which you encoded is the same as when you retrieve it evidence: on land vs. underwater learning, better if underwater when learned underwater and vice versa; noisy or quiet environment when learning and testing Reconsolidation (experimental evidence) - correct answer Nadar et. al. (2000) - rats condition 1: injected with something that stops synapse change before consolidation, shock and tone, doesn't freeze at the tone condition 2: injected after the shock and tone and consolidation, freezes at the tone condition 3: shock and tone, freeze, hear the tone again but injected during the reconsolidation, tone but doesn't freeze because it doesn't remember the shock How does memory decay over time? - correct answer memory decays exponentially over time Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve shows that memory drops significantly after the first 2 days of learning and then levels off savings = (original time taken to learn the list) - (time to relearn the list after a delay) State dependent memory - correct answer learning is associated with a particular internal state such as mood/awareness evidence: one group listened to happy music and told to think happy thoughts, another group listened to sad music and told to think sad thoughts; two days later they were tested on a list they received after the music and performed better when they listened to the same music Ebbinghaus- an inference - correct answer behavioral measure- savings method (time taken to forget) and created a savings/forgetting curve memory can be quantified and that functions like it can describe a property of the mind Phonological similarity effect - correct answer confusion of letters/words similar sounding evidence: Conrad (1964) flashed a series of target letters and asked people to write them down in order presented; errors made for similar sounding letters (F mistaken for S or X rather than E) phone numbers more likely to be mixed up with similar sounding numbers A challenge facing behaviorism - correct answer reinforcement is not always needed for learning evidence: Tolman's rats (cognitive map), rats got to explore and created a cognitive of the maze and were able to find cheese faster than rats didn't get to explore Chunking - correct answer combining several pieces of information into a single unit or code; a chunk = a collection of items strongly associated with each other but are weakly associated with elements in other chunks improves memory by increasing our ability to hold info in STM and increases the amount of info in STM Memory based study tips - correct answer - elaborate on ideas with own evidence - organize thoughts and mind map - take breaks - generate and test - be an active note-taker - repeat the info