Advanced Pharmacology- Diabetes Questions | 100% Correct Answers | UpToDate Doc | Already Graded A+

What are the two types of Diabetes? ☑: Type I or Insulin-Dependent and Type II or Non-Insulin Dependent. What is happening with the insulin in a Type I diabetic? ☑: There is NO insulin being produced. Underlying cause is autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. What is happening with the insulin in a Type II diabetic? ☑: Typically, they have some insulin production but have insulin resistance. Later in disease process, insulin deficiency develops as well. What long-term complications does both Type I & Type II share? ☑: Hypertension, stroke, blindness, renal disease, heart disease, neuropathy, lower limb amputations, erectile dysfunction, and gastroparesis. What are the 4 criteria for diagnosing diabetes? ☑: 1. A1c - 6.5% or higher 2. FBS - 126 or higher EXCELLENCE 3. Casual blood sugar - 200 or higher 4. Pt has classic S&S's - polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss not attributed to anything else. What is the goal of treatment with both Type I and Type II Diabetes? ☑: 1. Stabilize the blood sugar 2. Reduce long-term complications, including death. How is Type I Diabetes treated? ☑: Insulin replacement therapy. How is Type II Diabetes treated? ☑: Oral antidiabetic agents, sometimes with insulin or another injectable, but always in conjunction with diet modification and exercise! (Usually obese) For patients who use insulin, self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is the standard for day to day monitoring. What is the premeal and postmeal BS targets? ☑: Premeal - 70-130 Postmeal - 180 or lower How often should the A1c be checked to assess long-term glycemic control? ☑: Every 3-6 months EXCELLENCE What are the 2 basic effects of insulin? ☑: 1. Stimulates cellular uptake of glucose, amino acids, and potassium. 2. Promotes synthesis of complex organic molecules (glycogen, proteins, triglycerides.) There are 7 types of insulin used in the U.S. today. Name them. ☑: 1. Regular (Human Insulin 2. NPH Insulin 3. Insulin Lispro (Humalog) 4. Insulin Aspart (Novalog) 5. Insulin Glulisine (Apidra) 6. Insulin Detemir ( Levemir