EIP Midterm USA Questions And Answers With Verified Solutions

Quantitative Research - research that assumes there is an objective truth. Uses numerical measures Qualitative Research - assumes the truth is subjective and relative to each individual quasi-experimental design - lacks the random assignment or comparison groups or both Single subject designs - single participant or subject establishes a cause and effect relationship independent variable - predictor or "cause" variable dependent variable - outcome, response, or effect variable Validity - related to truthfulness or accuracy of a study's results Types of validity - 1. internal 2. external internal validity - relationsip between the independent and dependent variables is free from the effects of extraneous factors external validity - study can be generalized to persons or settings outside the experimental situation Threats to validity - 1. is there a relationship between the IV and DV? 2. is there evidence that one causes the other 3. can the results be generalized7 single group threats to internal validity - 1. history 2. maturation 3. attrition 4. testing 5. instrumentation 6. statistical regression toward the mean 7. selection/assignment History - (threat to internal validity) confounding event of specific events that occur during study Maturation - (threat to internal validity) passage of time during a study Attrition - (threat to internal validity) subjects that drop out of a study before completed Testing - (threat to internal validity) potential effect of pretesting on the dependent variable. Instrumentation - (threat to internal validity) reliability of measurement Regression toward the mean - (threat to internal validity) When measures are not reliable, tendency for extreme scores on the pretest to regress toward the mean on the posttest. assignment - (threat to internal validity) occurs when the process of placing subjects in to group results in differences in the baseline characteristics between groups 3 Social threats to validity - 1. Diffusion of treatment 2. compensatory rivalry 3. Resentful demoralizatoinDiffusion of treatment - (social threats to internal validity) experimental groups socialize with control groups Compensatory Rivalry - (social threats to internal validity) Subjects perceive treatment is seen as less desirable than the others so they try to compensate by working extra hard to achieve same results resentful demoralization - (social threats to internal validity) Subjects receiving less desirable treatments may be demoralized, reactions may be to respond lower levels of performance power analysis - Done before the study begins to determine the sample size needed and then after shows the strength of the null hypothesis rejection Hawthorne effect - participants experience change as a results of simply being in a research project How to rule out threats to internal validity - many threats can be ruled out by the use of random assignment and control groups 4 threats to external validity - 1. Interaction of treatment and selection 2. interaction of treatment and setting 3. interaction of treatment and history 4. Reactive/interactive effects of testing