EIP II Exam 1 Review Questions And Answers With Verified Solutions

Define DICHOTOMOUS variable - Answer-characterized as a variable with only two possible values. Ex. Male-female, disease present-disease absent Define REPRODUCIBILITY reliability - Answer-stability of a measurement as it is repeated over time, a measure of instrument stability Define SPLIT HALF reliability - Answer-■ eliminates the need for two test administrations by combining the two forms of a survey instrument into one longer version ■ Measure of internal consistency of an instrument Define CONCURRENT validity - Answer-A method of criterion validation that reflects the relationship between a measure of interest and a measure with established validity ("criterion measure"), both of which have been applied within the same time frame Def: The score that occurs most frequently in a data set; Often used for nominal data because you can't calculate a mean or median in that case - Answer-mode What is the p-value? - Answer-probability that a study's findings occurred due to chance. For example, a p value equal to 0.10 is interpreted to mean that there is a 10% probability that a study's findings occurred due to chanceWhat is Confidence intervals (CIs)? - Answer-range of scores within which the true score for a variable is estimated to lie within a specified probability What is clinical relevance of statistical significance? - Answer-practical importance of the treatment effect, whether it was real palpable noticeable effect in real life. - the unlikelihood that the difference occurred by chance. - If something is both statistically significant and clinically relevant it is an important and meaningful difference between the groups. Statistical power depends on what factors? - Answer-DAVE D - desired alpha level A - minimum sample size V - variance E - effect size What 3 aspects make up Evidence Informed Practice (EIP)? - Answer-Best evidence + Clinical expertise + Patient values Def: When clinicians draw conclusions based on previous expectations of particular outcomes - Answerascertainment bias Def: selectively focuses on info that confirms hypothesis - Answer-confirmations bias Def: the belief that a particular pt presentation or response is common OR uncommon phenomenon bc it is easily remembered - Answer-recency effect Def: drawing a conclusion about pt presentation or response based upon people who return for scheduled tx - Answer-representativeness exclusivityDef: when the importance of the outcome in the eyes of the clinical distorts the likelihood of the outcome occurring - Answer-value bias What are barriers to practice EIP? - Answer-- Time required to keep up to date with current best practices - Access to relevant journal articles (lack of info research) - PT skill in searching for and evaluating evidence - Poor ability to critically appraise research What is the difference between EBP and EIP? - Answer-EBP = ONLY takes into account using current best research to provide care for student EIP = integrates best practice + clinical expertise + pt values What are the fundamental principles of EIP? - Answer-● Pt values and expectations ● Our own clinical expertise ● Benefits and risks ● Inconvenience ● Costs What are the 5 steps to practice EIP? - Answer-1. Ask→ Translation of uncertainty into an answerable question. 2. Acquire→ Systematic retrieval of best evidence 3. Appraise→ Critical appraisal of evidence for validity, clinical relevance, and applicability. 4. Apply→ Application of results 5. Assess→ Evaluation of performance What are characteristics of desirable evidence? - Answer-- Addresses the specific clinical question the PT is trying to answer - Subjects in the study have characteristics that are similar to the patient/client about whom the PTs has a clinical question- Study was published in peer-reviewed medium (paper, electronic) -Content of study and/or technique of interest are consistent w/ contemporary health care Research design def: Frequently put to use when therapists recall from memory prior experiences with pts or clients similar to the person with whom they are currently dealing - Answer-- anecdotal (aka unsystematic research) Research design def: Detailed description of management of patient or client that may serve as basis for future research - Answer-case report Research design def: Collects data about phenomenon during a single point in time or once within a single defined time interval - Answer-cross sectional Research design def: Looks at phenomenon occurring over an extended period of time - Answerlongitudinal Research design def: Description of prior research w/o a systematic search and selection strategy or critical appraisal of the studies' merits - Answer-- narrative reviews OR - summaries OR - clinical commentaries Research design def: less control than quasi-experimental b/c they have the same limitations with respect to their groups but they do not include experimental manipulation of the subjects. - Answer-non experimental Research design def: Focuses on cellular or physiologic systems levels of subjects; commonly performed in lab - Answer-physiological Research design def: Follows subjects forward over specific period of time - Answer-prospective Research design def: Only one subject or in which randomization to more than one subject group is lacking + Controlling manipulation of the subjects is preserved + Useful for evaluating effectiveness of interventions - Answer-quasi-experimentalResearch design def: Subjects in experimental group receive the intervention or preventive measure of interest and then are compared to the subjects in control group who did not receive the experimental manipulation - Answer-RCTs Research design def: Uses historical (past) data from sources such as medical records, insurance claims, or outcomes databases - Answer-retrospective Research design def: Quasi-experiment research design which one subject receives in an alternating fashion both the experimental and control condition - Answer-single system Research design def: Method by which a collection of individual research studies is gathered and critically appraised in effort to reach an unbiased conclusion about cumulative weight of the evidence on a particular topic - Answer-systematic review Define PRIMARY source of evidence? Give some examples - Answer-- original research reports - ex: peer reviewed journals, proceedings from meetings, these and dissertations Define SECONDARY source of evidence? Give some examples - Answer-- summary of works of other research - ex: systematic or narrative reviews, textbooks, CPRs What are search engines specific to PT? - Answer-- PEDro - Hooked on Evidence What type of evidence should you choose? - Answer-- is relevant to the question posed - That ranks high on the evidence hierarchy - Peer reviewed - Has credentialed authors, editors, and reviewers - That discloses funding sources or conflicts of interestWhat are benefits when using hierarchies of evidence? - Answer-- Helps PTs select evidence to answer clinical questions about pts and clients - Selection of studies through the use of hierarchies may improve the efficiency of the search success for busy clinicians What are limitations when using hierarchies of evidence? - Answer-- Variability in quality rating systems used to classify evidence - Inconsistent reliability and validity testing - Serve as a "screening tool" only-study or pre-appraised product must be evaluated on its own merit Describe BACKGROUND questions? What are the descriptors commonly use to form these questions? - Answer-- general knowledge (to understand natural of problem and focus on evolution of condition) - ex: who, what, where, when, why, how Describe FOREGROUND questions? What are the elements and type of questions - Answer-- specific knowledge - 4 elements = PICO - 5 types = therapy, harm, dx, diff dx, px What are examples of BACKGROUND questions? - Answer-- normal physiology or behavior - pathophysiology - basic pt dx and tx info What are examples of SECONDARY questions? - Answer-- selection and interpretation of dx tests and clinical measures - prediction of specific pt px - comparative risk and benefits of various tx strategies - potential outcomes and measures What does the P in PICO stand for? give examples - Answer-- person, problem, population- relevant personal and/or clinical details = age, gender, dx , acuity, severity and preferences What does the I in PICO stand for? give examples - Answer-- indicator - ex: Diagnostic test or measure, prognostic indicator, intervention, clinical predication rule, outcome, or self report outcome measure What does the C in PICO stand for? give examples - Answer-- comparison intervention - Comparison test, measure, predictive factor, intervention, CPR, outcome, or self report outcome measure What does the O in PICO stand for? give examples - Answer-- outcome - What you want to achieve by using the test, measure, prognostic factor, intervention, clinical predication rule, outcome, or self report outcome measure What search engines are best for DIAGNOSIS related clinical questions? - Answer-- PubMed - Cochrane CDSR - National Guideline Clearinghouse What search engines are best for PROGNOSIS related clinical questions? - Answer-- PubMed - Cochrane CDSR - National Guideline Clearinghouse What search engines are best for INTERVENTION related clinical questions? - Answer-- PEDro - OT Seeker - APTA's Hooked on EvidenceWhat search engines are best for HARM related clinical questions? - Answer-- PubMed - Cochrane CDSR - National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC) What type of research article is this purpose statement for : "to investigate the experience of the physical therapists working in acute hospitals" - Answer-systematic review What type of research article is this purpose statement for : "primary aim of study was to compare the effects of 12 weeks of pilates exercises w/ relaxation on balance and mobility. Secondary aims = 1. compare _________ 2. compare _________" - Answer-RCT What type of research article is this purpose statement for : "to examine differences in control of dynamic stability in people with PD and people who were healthy and the extent to which externally cued training can improve such control during STS task in people with PD" - Answer-quasi-experimental study What type of research article is this purpose statement for : "to explore verbal and nonverbal markers that differentiated tasks of high, medium, and low balance intensity to inform the development of an instrument to measure intensity of balance challenge" - Answer-observational study