Nursing Pathophysiology Exam 1 Questions And Answers With Verified Solutions

Pathophysiology - Answer-Study of the body's response to dysfunction Disease - Answer-Interruption, cessation or disorder of a body system Etiology - Answer-The cause of a disease Clinical manifestations - Answer-Symptoms and chief complaints Morphological changes - Answer-Structural changes that are a result of the disease process Etiological factors - Answer-Biologic agents, physical forces, chemicals, nutritional excess or deficiency, genetic factors What are the three mechanisms of cellular adaptation? - Answer-Size: atrophy and hypertrophy Number: hyperplasia Irregular shape: dysplasia (severe) and metaplasia (chronic) Intercellular accumulation - Answer-Results from normal substances, abnormal endogenous or exogenous products Dystrophic pathological calcification - Answer-In injured tissue, dead cells create calcium deposits that can cause aortic stenosis or be a result of a fracture or TB Metastatic Pathological Calcifications - Answer-Caused by an increase of serum calcium levels in noninjured tissue Chemical injuries - Answer-Lead, carbon tetrachloride, carbon monoxide, ethanol, mercury, street drugsAsphyxiation injuries - Answer-Suffocation, strangulation, drowning Hypoxic injuries - Answer-Ischemia (lack of blood flow) and anoxia (lack of oxygen) What does cellular aging cause? - Answer-Atrophy, decreased functioning Isotonic solutions - Answer-Will cause no change to cells 0.9% saline Hypertonic solutions - Answer-Will cause cells to shrink/crenate 3% saline or 5% dextrose Hypotonic solutions - Answer-Will cause cells to swell 0.45% saline Edema - Answer-Accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces What are causes of edema? - Answer-Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure (fluid moves from capillary to interstitial space) Decrease in plasma osmotic pressure (decrease in RBC, plasma and proteins causing fluid to leak into tissues) Increase in capillary permeability (inflammation causes fluid to leak into surrounding tissues) Lymph obstruction What are the functions of Na as a cation? - Answer-Neuromuscular irritability, acid base balance through the exchange of water and bicarb, chemical reactions and membrane transport Hypernatremia - Answer-Na>147 Intercellular dehydration, convulsions, pulmonary edema, hypotension, tachycardia, pruny fingersHyponatremia - Answer-Na<135 Creates: Hypoosmolality, cellular swelling, dry mucous membranes, peripherial edema, muscle weakness and seizures Causes: low intake, fluid overload (dilutional hyponatremia) and high circulating protein levels (hypoosmolar hyponatremia) What are the functions of K as a cation? - Answer-Regulation of electrical neutrality, transmission and conduction, cardiac rhythm and muscle contraction Hypokalemia - Answer-K<3.5 Creates: decreased neuromuscular excitability, muscle weakness, smooth muscle dysfunction, dysrhythmias Causes: reduced intake and increased loss Hyperkalemia - Answer-K>5.5 Creates: increased neuromuscular iritability (tingling, cramps, restlessness and diarrhea) loss of muscle tone or paralysis Causes: increased intake (salt supplements), decreased renal excretion, insulin deficiency or cell trauma What are the functions of Ca? - Answer-Parathyroid hormone secretion, cell receptor functioning and electrical conductivity What are normal levels of Ca in the plasma? - Answer-9-10.5 mg