PRAXIS SLP Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers Graded A

Sublingual folds The transverse band of tissue on either side of the under portion of tongue. subcortical structures These are the structures deep w/in brain (diencephalon, pituitary gland, limbic structures, & basal ganglia). Ankyloglossia This is when the frenum is attached too close to tip of the tongue, making it difficult to produce /t/ and /d/ sounds. maloclussion Deviation in shape & dimension of mandible & maxilla. Class 1, 2, and 3. Class 1 maloclussion When arches are generally aligned properly, but some individual teeth are misaligned. Class 2 malocclusion Upper jaw or maxilla is protruded & lower jaw or mandible is receded (i.e. overbite). Overjet can occur. class 3 malocclusion Maxilla is receded & mandible is protruded (i.e. underbite). orofacial myofunctional disorders (OMD) Encompasses any anatomical or physiological characteristic of the orofacial structure (palate, cheeks, tongue, lips, jaw, teeth) that interfere with normal speech or physical, dentofacial, or psychosocial development. This includes swallow, labial, and lingual rest, and speech posture differences. tongue thrust a pattern of deviant or reverse swallow in which the tongue pushes against the teeth, or protrude between upper & lower teeth, coming in contact w/ lower lip.Can contribute to the presence of an open bite, where the upper & lower front teeth do not come together when the mouth is closed, with opening/dap between upper & lower teeth when the jaw is closed. pyriform sinus Space between thyroid cartilage & aryepiglottic membrane. valleculae space between tongue and epiglottis. Hippocampus A neural center that helps process explicit memories for storage, spatial relationships, declarative memory, and memory encoding. basal ganglia a set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movements. Disorders of this result in rigidity, jerky, & purposeless movements (Chorea), & slow, writhing, snakelike movements (athetosis). Thalamus the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla. Damage to this can cause sensory issues. corpus callosum the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them. Damage to this may result in reading & naming difficulties. Medulla (Myelencephalon) the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing. Critical for vital functions. Disorders to this structure would result in trouble breathing & swallowing. Wernicke's area Damage: Left posterior superior temporal gyrus. Expressive lang. consists of neologisms, paraphasia, and intact prosody. Receptive language is impaired. Comprehension & naming difficulties. Impaired repetition, writing, and reading.