RASMUSSEN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 LATEST 2024/2025 ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SOLVED 100%

RASMUSSEN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 LATEST 2024/2025 ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SOLVED 100% Inflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining (may involve the entire stomach or a region) Ans- Gastritis _________Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it cab be a severe ulceration with hemorrhage Ans- Acute Gastritis _________ Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be accompanied by nausea and epigastric pain Ans- Acute Gastritis _________ Gastritis develops gradually. Ans- Chronic Gastritis Gastritis can be further categorized as erosive or nonerosive Ans- Chronic Gastritis Symptoms of: Anorexia, nausea & vomiting, postprandial discomfort, and hematemesis. Ans- Acute Gastritis Symptoms of: May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied by a dull epigastric pain and a sensation of fullness after minimal intake. Ans- Chronic Gastritis Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually because of an infection or allergic reaction Ans- Gastroenteritis Usually due to primary inflammatory disease such as crohns disease Ans- Chronic Gastroenteritis Commonly due to direct infection such as salmonella from raw or undercooked chicken or eggs Ans- Acute Gastroenteritis Signs & Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, pain, nausea, and vomiting Ans- Gastroenteritis Most common cause of chronic gastritis Ans- Helicobacter pylori Embeds itself in the mucous layer, activating toxins and enzymes that cause inflammation. Genetic vulnerability and lifestyle behaviors (smoking and stress) may increase the susceptibility Ans- Helicobacter pylori Other causes of?: Organisms transmitted though food and water contamination, long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, excessive alcohol use, severe stress, autoimmune conditions, and other chronic disease Ans- Gastritis Complications of?: Peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and hemorrhage Ans- Chronic Gastritis Manifestations of?: Include indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain, abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, and malaise. Hematemesis and dark, tarry stools can indicate ulceration and bleeding. Ans- Gastritis Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus. Bile can also back up into the esophagus. Ans- GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) These gastric secretions irritate the esophageal mucosa Ans- GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) Causes of?: certain foods (e.g., chocolate, caffeine, carbonated beverages, citrus fruit, tomatoes, spicy or fatty foods, and peppermint), alcohol consumption, nicotine, hiatal hernia, obesity, pregnancy, certain medications (e.g., corticosteroids, beta blockers, calcium-channel blockers, and anticholinergics), nasogastric intubation, and delayed gastric emptying Ans- GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) Manifestations of?: heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after a meal or when recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis, regurgitation of food, and sensation of a lump in the throat. Ans- GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) Complications of?: esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, esophageal cancer, and chronic pulmonary disease Ans- GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) Often confused with angina and may warrant ruling out cardiac disease Ans- GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) Lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum Ans- Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) Risk factors of?: being male, advancing age, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use (NSAIDs), H. pylori infections, certain gastric tumors, and those for GERD. Ans- Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) Vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete penetration through the GI tract wall. Develops because of an imbalance between destructive forces and protective mechanisms Ans- Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) Types of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) Ans- Duodenal Ulcers Gastric Ulcers Stress Ulcers Most commonly associated with excessive acid or H. pylori infections. Typically present with epigastric pain that is relieved in the presence of food Ans- Duodenal ulcers Less frequent but more deadly. Typically associated with malignancy and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Pain typically worsens with eating. Ans- Gastric Ulcers Develop because of a major physiological stressor on the body due to local tissue ischemia, tissue acidosis, bile salts entering the stomach, and decreased GI motility. Ans- Stress ulcers Stress ulcers associated with burns Ans- Curling's ulcers Stress ulcers associated with head injuries Ans- Cushing's ulcers Most frequently develop in the stomach; multiple ulcers can form within hours of the precipitating event. Ans- Stress ulcers Often hemorrhage is the first indicator because the ulcer develops rapidly and tends to be masked by the primary problem Ans- Stress ulcer Complications of?: GI hemorrhage, obstruction, perforation, and peritonitis Ans- Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) Manifestations of?: epigastric or abdominal pain, abdominal cramping, heartburn, indigestion, nausea, and vomiting Ans- Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) Acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine; it affects the mucosa and sometimes other layers Ans- Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff) Causes of?: Exposure to antibiotics, patients with cancer, or post abdominal surgery susceptible, mediated by bacterial toxins Ans- Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff) Manifestations of?: Diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal pain, fever, and leukocytosis Ans- Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff) Inflammation of the vermiform appendix. Most often caused by an infection. Triggers local tissue edema, which obstructs the small structure. As fluid builds inside the appendix, microorganisms proliferate Ans- Appendicitis The appendix fills with purulent exudate and area blood vessels become compressed Ans- Appendicitis Ischemia and necrosis develop. The pressure inside the appendix escalates, forcing bacteria and toxins out to surrounding structures. Ans- Appendicitis Complications of?: abscesses, peritonitis, gangrene, and death Ans- Appendicitis Manifestations of?: Vary from asymptomatic to sudden and severe. Sharp abdominal pain develops, gradually intensifies (over about 12-24 hours), and becomes localized to the lower right quadrant of the abdomen (McBurney point). Pain may occur anywhere in abdomen. Pain will temporarily subside if the appendix ruptures, and then the pain will return and escalate. Ans- Appendicitis Manifestations of?: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and bowel pattern changes. indications of inflammation and infection (fever, chills, leukocytosis). Indications of peritonitis (abdominal rigidity, tachycardia, and hypotension) Ans- Appendicitis Conditions related to the development of diverticula, outwardly bulging pouches of the intestinal wall that occur when mucosa sections or large intestine submucosa layers herniate through a weakened muscular layer. Ans- Diverticular Disease May be congenital or acquired. Thought to be caused by a low-fiber diet and poor bowel habits that result in chronic constipation. The muscular wall can become weakened from the prolonged effort of moving hard stools. More common in developed countries where processed foods and low-fiber diets are typical. Ans- Diverticular Disease Asymptomatic diverticular disease, usually with multiple diverticula present Ans- Diverticulosis Diverticula have become inflamed, usually because of retained fecal matter. Can result in potentially fatal obstructions, infection, abscess, perforation, peritonitis, hemorrhage, and shock. Often asymptomatic until the condition becomes serious Ans- Diverticulitis Manifestations?: abdominal cramping followed by passing a large quantity of frank blood, low-grade fever, abdominal tenderness (usually left lower quadrant), abdominal distension, constipation, obstipation, nausea, vomiting, palpable abdominal mass, and leukocytosis Ans- Diverticular Disease ...........................download and access full exam