BIO 235 Assignment 3 Questions and Answers 100% Pass

BIO 235 Assignment 3 Questions and Answers 100% Pass Some patients who suffer from hypertension (high blood pressure) are prescribed medications that are in the category of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Explain why these drugs are used to combat hypertension. - Answer- a. Angiotensin- converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are commonly used to treat hypertension, or high blood pressure. These drugs work by blocking the activity of an enzyme called angiotensin-converting enzyme, which is involved in the regulation of blood pressure. Angiotensin-converting enzyme is responsible for converting angiotensin I, a hormone produced in the blood, into angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor, meaning it narrows the blood vessels, increasing the resistance to blood flow and elevating blood pressure. When ACE inhibitors are given, they block the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme, reducing the production of angiotensin II and decreasing the resistance to blood flow. This leads to a decrease in blood pressure and improved blood flow Describe the fate of an RBC traveling from the heart to the left elbow and back to the heart. - Answer- a. From the heart, the RBC will enter the ascending aorta and then the aortic arch. The RBC will exit the aorta through the left subclavian artery, continue on that route through the axillary artery and into the brachial artery. At the elbow, the blood cell will exit into one of the small distributing arteries, move into a capillary bed, and then into venules in the elbow region. The RBC will then probably enter the median cubital vein and move into either the basilic or the cephalic vein. The basilic vein drains into the brachial vein, which drains into the axillary vein. Explain the steps that result in antibody production and describe the process that results in an activated B-cell. - Answer- a. The specialized WBC (white blood cell), often called B lymphocytes (the B cells) help in the production of antibodies. Some of the steps involved in the production of antibodies are mentioned below: i. Entering of antigen-bearing agents (pathogen) into the tissue ii. Encountering of antigens by B cells iii. B cell gets activated by antigen with the help of costimulatory signals provided by T cells iv. The B-cell then proliferates and gets differentiated into an antibody effector cell v. These B cells synthesize bulk quantities of soluble antibodies and have the same unique antigen-binding site, similar to that of cell surface antibodies. vi. The secretion of antibodies initially begins by the effector B cell, while they are still small lymphocytes. vii. The B cells can further get differentiated to form the plasma cells, which can secrete and synthesize antibodies. b. The activation of B cell is carried by the binding of BCR (B cell receptor) to the antigen which causes the cell to differentiate and proliferate. This binding initiates some events such as altered gene expression, antigen internalization, and re-organization of the B cell cytoskeleton. c. The MHC (major histocompatibility complex) is recently produced in endosomes that are targeted by the B cell receptor for further internalization. As a result, the process can be presented to CD4+ cells, thereby recruiting the support cells to facilitate maximum B cell activation. These B cells differentiate into plasma cells which secrete antibodies. State Boyle's Law and explain how it relates to the process of pulmonary ventilation. - Answer- a. Boyles law states that the pressure of gas is inversely proportional to the volume of the gas. As the size (volume) of the thoracic cavity increases, the pressure within the thoracic cavity decreases from 760-758mmHg. Describe the Bohr Effect. Explain how PO2 in the lungs and tissue cells determines whether oxygen binding or dissociation occurs with hemoglobin. - Answer- a. The Bohr Effect refers to the observation that the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen decreases as the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen ions (H+) in the blood increases. Hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells, binds to oxygen in the lungs where the oxygen partial pressure (PO2) is high and releases oxygen in the tissues where the PO2 is low. The binding and release of oxygen by hemoglobin is influenced by several factors, including the concentration of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions in the blood. When carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced by the tissues and enters the bloodstream, it combines with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). This reaction can lead to an increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the blood, which can alter the pH of the blood. The increase in hydrogen ions (H+) has the effect of decreasing the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. As a result, hemoglobin releases more oxygen in the tissues, where the PO2 is low and the concentration of CO2 and hydrogen ions is high, and binds less oxygen in the lungs, where the PO2 is high and the concentration of C