BIOL 235 final Exam Questions and Answers 100% Pass

BIOL 235 final Exam Questions and Answers 100% Pass Erythrocytes contain the enzyme - Answer- carbonic anhydrase carbonic anhydrase catalyzes - Answer- the conversion of metabolically produced C)2 and water into carbonic acid fixed phagocytic macrophages - Answer- remove most old erythrocytes from circulation Location of fixed phagocytic macrophages - Answer- narrow capillaries of the spleen Undifferentiated cells called pluripotent stem cells reside - Answer- in the bone marrow pluripotent stem cells - Answer- continuously divide and develop myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells to give rise to each of the types of blood cells emigration or diapedesis - Answer- The process of leukocytes squeezing through the capillary endothelium to exit the vasculature agglutinins - Answer- genetically-determined glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens found on the surface of an erythrocyte ESV - Answer- volume of blood in the ventricle after ejection has been completed Increase in ESV when - Answer- stroke volume is decreased Three cations with important effect on heart function - Answer- K+, Ca2+, and Na+ Increased blood levels of NA+ - Answer- blocks Ca2+ inflow and decreases force of contraction Excess in K+ - Answer- blocks generation of action potentials pharynx - Answer- serves as a sound resonating chamber, contains tonsils, directs air flow inferiorly larynx - Answer- passes air form pharynx into windpipe, site of sound production paranasal sinuses - Answer- resonates sound, not part of the pharynx fauces - Answer- opening from oral cavity into pharynx tertiary bronchus - Answer- carries air to a segment of a lung terminal bronchiole - Answer- carries air directly into a respiratory bronchiole pleural membranes - Answer- surround the lungs surfactant - Answer- reduces surface tension at sites of gas exchange alveoli - Answer- actual sites of gas exchange eupnea - Answer- normal, quiet breathing costal breathing - Answer- shallow breathing using just the external intercostal muscles compliance - Answer- amount of effort required to expand the lungs and chest wall inspiratory capacity - Answer- tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume, usually about 3600 mL in males vital capacity - Answer- tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually about 4800 mL in males functional residual capacity - Answer- residual volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually about 2400 mL in males Henry's law - Answer- states that the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas and its solubility Bohr effect - Answer- when pH decreases, O2 saturation of hemoglobin decreases Dalton's law - Answer- each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own partial pressure medulla oblongata - Answer- sets basic rhythm of breathing pons - Answer- includes the pontine respiratory group Blood is - Answer- a connective tissue that consists of blood plasma (liquid) plus formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) Whole blood - Answer- blood plasma and formed elements Blood plasma - Answer- proteins, water, other solutes Blood plasma proteins - Answer- albumins (54%), globulins (36%), fibrinogens (7%) Formed elements - Answer- red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets Blood cell production - Answer- hemopoesis, mainly occurs in red bone marrow after birth Reticulocyte - Answer- from proerythrocyte, ejects nucleus Average lifespan of an erythrocyte - Answer- 120 days Rate of RBC formation by red blood cells - Answer- equals the rate of RBC destruction by macrophages Emigration or diapedesis is - Answer- the process by which phagocytic cells leave blood vessels WBCs use to destroy pathogens - Answer- lysozyme, defensins, and certain anions Neutrophils - Answer- are usually the first and most numerous responders to an infection Macrophages - Answer- react more slowly to an infection than neutrophils do Pluripotent stem cells are derived from - Answer- mesenchyme Megakaryoblasts - Answer- platelet precursor cells, develop into megakaryocytes Platelet - Answer- fragment of megakaryocyte that is enclosed by a piece of plasma membrane Platelet plug - Answer- can stop blood loss completely if the hole in a blood vessel is small enough Hemostasis - Answer- sequence of responses that stops bleeding, vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting Blood clot - Answer- gel that contains formed elements of the blood entangled in fibrin threads In blood clotting - Answer- coagulation factors are activated in sequence, resulting in a cascade of reactions that includes positive feedback cycles Extrinsic pathway of blood clotting - Answer- fewer steps, thromboplastic leaks into the blood from cells outside (extrinsic to) blood vessels and initiates the formation of prothrombinase Intrinsic pathway of blood clotting - Answer- more complex, occurs more slowly, activators are in direct contact with blood or contained within (intrinsic to) the blood. Outside tissue damage is not needed. clotting pathway - Answer- Prothrombinase - prothrombin - thrombin - soluble fibrinogen - insoluble fibrin - threads of clot Common pathway - Answer- formation of prothrombina