AP Biology Unit 1.5 AP Exam review Questions and Answers

AP Biology Unit 1.5 AP Exam review Questions and Answers How does a non polar R group substitution affect the folding of a protein? A non polar R group substitution can change the structure of a protein because it will cause the protein to fold differently. This different folding will cause the Non polar region to fold inward. Due to the fact that structure controls function, the substitution of a non polar R group will result in a change in function due to the structure change How does a cytosine to thymine substitution affect the structure and function of DNA? A change of a cytosine to a thymine will cause the guanine that was originally bonded to the cytosine will no longer bond to the cytosine due to the base pairing rule stating that thymine only pairs with adenine. This then causes the structure of the DNA to change. This will then alter the function of the DNA because the Base pairing is altered. How does a cytosine to guanine substitution affect the structure and function of DNA The substitution of cytosine to guanine will cause the bases being paired with the original cytosine to be changed to cytosine to abide by the base pairing rule that guanine pairs with cytosine. This will then change the structure of the DNA causing the function of proteins created to be changed How does a deoxyribose to ribose substitution change the structure and function of a nucleic acid? A deoxyribose to ribose change will cause the structure of the nucleic acid to change from DNA to RNA. This is because DNA has a deoxyribose sugar backbone and RNA has a ribose sugar backbone. This will then change the double stranded nucleic acid to a single stranded nucleic acid. What is the structure of a nucleic acid polymer? A nucleic acid polymer can either have a deoxyribose sugar back bone or a ribose sugar backbone. The polymer also has a terminal phosphate on the 5' end of the sugar and a hydroxyl on the 3' end of the sugar. It also has nitrogenous bases that hold hereditary information What are the "ends" of a nucleic acid called? What is present on each "end"? The ends are called the 5' end and the 3' end. The 5' end has a phosphate and the 3' end has a hydroxyl group. What end of the nucleic acid grows the polymer chain? The 3' hydroxyl end is where nucleic acids are added to the growing chain. What are the complementary bases found in DNA and RNA? Guanine - Cytosine Adenine - Thymine Uracil - Adenine How many hydrogen bonds are between each paired base There are two hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine and three between cytosine and guanine What are the different protein structures? Describe them