AP Biology Final Exam Review 2024 Questions and Answers

AP Biology Final Exam Review 2024 Questions and Answers emergent properties new properties that emerge with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases negative feedback a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus positive feedback a physiological control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change inductive reasoning reasoning based on observed patterns polymer large compound formed from combinations of many monomers hydrolysis a chemical process in which a compound is broken down and changed into other compounds by taking up the elements of water enzyme protein that acts as a biological catalyst phospholipids a molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail cellular respiration process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen phosphorylation the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a molecule. Nearly all cellular work depends on ATP energizing other molecules by phosphorylation chemiosmosis a process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme. fermentation the process by which cells break down molecules to release energy without using oxygen