Pathophysiology Exam 1 2024 NR283 Chamberlain College of Nursing Chapter 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, and 20 Questions and Answers

Pathophysiology Exam 1 2024 NR283 Chamberlain College of Nursing Chapter 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, and 20 Questions and Answers (CH 1)Dysplasia - Answer- out of order/looks weird - are unable to differentiate the size/shape of cells properly - precancerous Anaplasia - Answer- worse than dysplasia (even more out of order) Neoplasia - Answer- New growth (could be benign and is just multiplying too fast but still OK) or malignant (BAD) Prognosis - Answer- probability of recovery Complications - Answer- problems happen because of something Diagnosis - Answer- signs/symptoms associated with disease Etiology - Answer- causes of disease (idiopathic = cause unknown) Onset - Answer- when the disease started (when you started feeling signs) Acute - Answer- started now and ongoing (short period of time) Chronic - Answer- lasting longer than 3-6 months Ex: diabetes, CHF (congestive heart failure) Symptoms - Answer- what the patient says is happening to them Signs - Answer- visible indications of a disease/illness Exacerbations - Answer- getting worse/made it worse (intensified for the worse) Manifestations - Answer- how it affects The cell - Answer- smallest part of the body which must adapt to grow in altered conditions in the environment. Differentiation - Answer- when cells mature into specific purposes to function for a specific reason. If they don't, there will be a problem Atrophy - Answer- reduced sell size or tissue mass Ex: cast on arm for a long time the muscle is not in use so when the cast is removed, the arm shrinks in size. Metaplasia - Answer- one mature cell is replaced by another mature cell if that one is damaged. Ex: people that smoke (can become cancerous) Hypertrophy - Answer- increase in size of cell Hyperplasia - Answer- increase in # of cells Ex: pregnant women/mammary glands Cellular Injury - Answer- problems start at the cellular level Ischemia - Answer- reduced blood flow -> low oxygen/probably CO2 is too high. Ex: legs crossed then feeling of blood rushing back after un-crossed. Hypoxia - Answer- little to no oxygen -> tissues/cells can not function properly Ex: asthma, high altitudes, choking. Physical agents - Answer- extreme heat/extreme cold temperatures - all cause cell death Chemical toxins - Answer- Exogenous: from environment Endogenous: from inside the body Initial vs. Irreversible - Answer- Initial: can help/treat Irreversible: can NOT help/treat Apoptosis - Answer- cell - programmed death -> then new cells are formed. If this did not happen, our bodies would be huge! Necrosis - Answer- when there is an injury to cells if it is irreversible -> bacteria can infect the site if it makes it's way Gangrene - Answer- when a dead cell gets infected by bacteria -> will have to be removed or will spread to the rest of the body. (amputate) (CH 2) ADH - Answer- anti diuretic hormone -> retain/keep fluid Aldosterone - Answer- controls amount of salt and water -> if there is too little it reabsorbs it and gets rid of potassium (through the kidneys) Thirst is stimulated by - Answer- hypothalamus Intracellular - Answer- within the cell Extracellular - Answer- outside the cell Intravascular - Answer- space between the intracellular Thirst mechanism - Answer- hypothalamus in the brain ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) - Answer- gets rid of sAlt and retains Potassium Filtration - Answer- movement of fluids through intravascular space into the interstitial space Hydrostatic pressure - Answer- Push (must be balanced with osmotic pressure to maintain homeostasis) Osmotic pressure - Answer- Pull (must be balanced with osmotic pressure to maintain homeostasis) Osmosis - Answer- interstitial space to intravascular Excess - Answer- too much fluid in the body Liver failure - Answer- not enough albumin leading to fluid excess Increased Na intake - Answer- retaining too much H20 (some with IV fluids) Dyspnea - Answer- lot of fluid around the lungs (trouble breathing) -> exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide is not happening