Brain And Behavior Final Exam
Neurodevelopmental - /nThe ____ hypothesis is a theory about the etiology of schizophrenia that is an alternative to the genetic hypothesis. While it doesn't rule out the role of genetics in the disorder, it also allows that other factors during fetal or neonatal developent could cause subtle abnormalities in brain development that later blossom into more severe symptoms as the brain continues to develop during adolescence.
Short-term - /n____-____ memory: Information stored for only about 30 seconds.
Long-term - /n____-____ memory: Information lasting longer than 30 seconds, gets stored for later use. Memory is tested by accessing this type of information.
Procedural - /n____ memory: Knowing how to do something
Semantic - /n____ memory: Not just language, but also what we know about the world.
Episodic - /n____ memory: feeling of knowing what has happened to us, what we have experienced.
Declarative - /n____ memory: Recollection of facts and events (verbally).
Nondeclarative - /n____ memory: Memories that can not be described verbally.
Occipital lobe - /nThe ____ ____ is the most posterior, controls the visual areas, and helps distinguish shapes and movement.
Temporal lobe - /nThe ____ ____ is the inferior lateral portions of the cortex that is the primary auditory cortes. Helps with higher order visual processing, deals with language, and medual areas are important for emotion.
Parietal lobe - /nThe ____ ____ helps move attention back and forth, spatial processing,
and sense of touch.
Frontal lobe - /nThe ____ ____ is the most anterior/rostral lobe that contains the motor cortex )primary motor area, supplementary motor area, helps with preparation of movement), memory (working + retrieval effort, success, monitoring), emotions, and control (prevents you from punching your boss).
Glutamate - /n____ has to bind to an NDMA receptor. Cell membrane must also be depolarized; timing is key.
AMPA - /n____: ionotropic glutamate receptor that lets in Na+ ions (excitatory). If ____ receptors are stimulated by glutamate, they open and depolarize the membrane. NDMA - /n____: ionotrophic glutamate receptor that lets in calcium ions but ONLY if the cell membrane is already depolarized (if in resting state, channels are plugged by magnesium). Magnesium dislodges from the ____ channels so that calcium can enter.
CREB - /n____: protein that activates genes in the cell's DNA. Higher levels of ____ activators = systems need less training and briefer periods of rest between training for efficiant long-term memory formation. Its role is in protein production.
Magnesium - /n____: positively charged, so is attracted to the neuron but can't quite fit through calcium channels.
Spatial - /n____ memory: Studies looking at navigation show robust hippocampal activiations (theta activity).
Hippocampus - /nIt is possible that the ____ is involved in typing together all different elements of memories ("binding").
Cortisol - /nSress hormones, especially ____, are bad for the hippocampus (causes neurons to shrink, interfere with LTP).
Alzheimer's disease - /n____ ____: Definitive diagnosis of this is currently not possible until after death. Associated with abnormal protein accumulation that interferes with normal brain function and causes atrophy of brain tissue.
Korsakoff's disease - /n____ ____: Most often caused by chronic alcoholism, though other conditions (e.g. severe malnutrition) have been documented. Damage caused by deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1 which is necessary to metabolize glucose).
Korsakoff's disease - /n____ ____: characterized by severe anterograde and retrograde
amnesia. Implicit and procedural memory are less affected (nondeclarative memories). Impaired memory for time (temporal order) and confabulation (false memories), tendency to repeat themselves (which reinforces confabulations), inability to inhibit responses previousle made (Wisconsin card sorting task).
Split brain - /n____ ____ research has shown us that speech is left hemisphere function, but both hemispheres are capable of language. Left controls right, right controls left; "right side can't talk, but will understand language".
Schizophrenia - /n____ is the inabilit to perform everyday functions and combinations of
hallucinations, delusions, disordered thoughts, inappropriate emotional expressions, and disordered movement.
Schizophrenia - /nThe two basic forms of ____ are paranoid and catatonic.
Paranoid - /nThe two basic forms of schizophrenia are ____ and catatonic.
Neurodevelopmental - /nThe ____ hypothesis is a theory about the etiology of schizophrenia that is an alternative to the genetic hypothesis. While it doesn't rule out the role of genetics in the disorder, it also allows that other factors during fetal or neonatal developent could cause subtle abnormalities in brain development that later blossom into more severe symptoms as the brain continues to develop during adolescence.
Short-term - /n____-____ memory: Information stored for only about 30 seconds.
Long-term - /n____-____ memory: Information lasting longer than 30 seconds, gets stored for later use. Memory is tested by accessing this type of information.
Procedural - /n____ memory: Knowing how to do something
Semantic - /n____ memory: Not just language, but also what we know about the world.
Episodic - /n____ memory: feeling of knowing what has happened to us, what we have experienced.
Declarative - /n____ memory: Recollection of facts and events (verbally).
Nondeclarative - /n____ memory: Memories that can not be described verbally.
Occipital lobe - /nThe ____ ____ is the most posterior, controls the visual areas, and helps distinguish shapes and movement.
Temporal lobe - /nThe ____ ____ is the inferior lateral portions of the cortex that is the primary auditory cortes. Helps with higher order visual processing, deals with language, and medual areas are important for emotion.
Parietal lobe - /nThe ____ ____ helps move attention back and forth, spatial processing,
and sense of touch.
Frontal lobe - /nThe ____ ____ is the most anterior/rostral lobe that contains the motor cortex )primary motor area, supplementary motor area, helps with preparation of movement), memory (working + retrieval effort, success, monitoring), emotions, and control (prevents you from punching your boss).
Glutamate - /n____ has to bind to an NDMA receptor. Cell membrane must also be depolarized; timing is key.
AMPA - /n____: ionotropic glutamate receptor that lets in Na+ ions (excitatory). If ____ receptors are stimulated by glutamate, they open and depolarize the membrane. NDMA - /n____: ionotrophic glutamate receptor that lets in calcium ions but ONLY if the cell membrane is already depolarized (if in resting state, channels are plugged by magnesium). Magnesium dislodges from the ____ channels so that calcium can enter.
CREB - /n____: protein that activates genes in the cell's DNA. Higher levels of ____ activators = systems need less training and briefer periods of rest between training for efficiant long-term memory formation. Its role is in protein production.
Magnesium - /n____: positively charged, so is attracted to the neuron but can't quite fit through calcium channels.
Spatial - /n____ memory: Studies looking at navigation show robust hippocampal activiations (theta activity).
Hippocampus - /nIt is possible that the ____ is involved in typing together all different elements of memories ("binding").
Cortisol - /nSress hormones, especially ____, are bad for the hippocampus (causes neurons to shrink, interfere with LTP).
Alzheimer's disease - /n____ ____: Definitive diagnosis of this is currently not possible until after death. Associated with abnormal protein accumulation that interferes with normal brain function and causes atrophy of brain tissue.
Korsakoff's disease - /n____ ____: Most often caused by chronic alcoholism, though other conditions (e.g. severe malnutrition) have been documented. Damage caused by deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1 which is necessary to metabolize glucose).
Korsakoff's disease - /n____ ____: characterized by severe anterograde and retrograde
amnesia. Implicit and procedural memory are less affected (nondeclarative memories). Impaired memory for time (temporal order) and confabulation (false memories), tendency to repeat themselves (which reinforces confabulations), inability to inhibit responses previousle made (Wisconsin card sorting task).
Split brain - /n____ ____ research has shown us that speech is left hemisphere function, but both hemispheres are capable of language. Left controls right, right controls left; "right side can't talk, but will understand language".
Schizophrenia - /n____ is the inabilit to perform everyday functions and combinations of
hallucinations, delusions, disordered thoughts, inappropriate emotional expressions, and disordered movement.
Schizophrenia - /nThe two basic forms of ____ are paranoid and catatonic.
Paranoid - /nThe two basic forms of schizophrenia are ____ and catatonic.
