Humber Admissions Test Graded A Q&A Complete

Evolution - Answer-Change in the inherited traits in a population of organisms over time. Ecology - Answer-How organisms interact with each other and the environment Natural selection - Answer-A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment. Theory of evolution - Answer-Created by Charles Darwin, organisms pass on their DNA to their offspring; avoiding close relatives for more variety. Microeveolution - Answer-The change in the inherited traits in a population of organisms within a single species over time (ie. bacteria gaining the ability to withstand/resist antibiotics and survive) Macroevolution - Answer-Production of new species via thousands-to-millions of years of microevolution (ie Finches in the Galapagos have different beaks depending on the bird's respective needs for survival). Artificial selection - Answer-Selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms (ie. dog breeds) Prokaryotic cell - Answer-A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea. Eukaryotic cells - Answer-Larger, complex, with nucleus, membrane bound organelles, DNA tightly wrapped around histone proteins in chromosomes, cellulose in plant cell walls. Endoplasmic Reticulum - Answer-A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and lipids are carried from one part of the cell to another. Smooth ER function - Answer-Lipid synthesisRough ER function - Answer-Protein synthesis Golgi apparatus - Answer-A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins and lipids for export by the cell Nucleus - Answer-A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction Nuclear membrane - Answer-Surrounds the nucleus Nucleoplasm - Answer-Fluid inside the nucleus Nulceolus - Answer-Where ribosomes are assembled Ribosomes - Answer-Made up of RNA; this aids in protein synthesis around the rough ER or in the cytoplasm Lysosomes - Answer-An organelle containing digestive enzymes Plasma membrane - Answer-A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells Phospholipids - Answer-A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail. Proteins - Answer-Embedded in the bilayer of the cell membrane Cholesterol - Answer-Provides strength and fluidity to the cell membraneCarbohydrates - Answer-Connected to the protein found in the cell membrane, they help with cell communication Centrioles - Answer-Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only Mitochondria - Answer-Powerhouse of the cell Flagella - Answer-Whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement (ie. sperm cells) Cilia - Answer-Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion Passive transport - Answer-the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell; from a high concentration to a low concentration Osmosis - Answer-diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane Isotonic solution - Answer-Equal concentrations of water inside and outside the cell to maintain a healthy cell shape Hypotonic solution - Answer-More water inside the cell; less outside Hypertonic solution - Answer-Less water inside the cell; more outside. This will cause the water to flow into the cell until it bursts. Active transport - Answer-The movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy; from a low concentration to a high concentration until it reaches disequilibrium. Bulk transport - Answer-Moves large molecules and particles across plasma membrane through means called phagocytosis or pinocytosis Phagocytosis - Answer-Cell eatingPinocytosis - Answer-Cell drinking Cellular respiration - Answer-The process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food Aerobic respiration - Answer-Cellular respiration that requires oxygen