Patho Nurs 611 Practice Exam 2024-2025
Apoptosis - ANSWER programmed death such as inflammation
Necrosis - ANSWER cellular injury such as MI, hypoxia
Atrophy - ANSWER physiologic atrophy of the thymus gland in
childhood
Hypertrophy - ANSWER increase in cell size
Physiologic hypertrophy would be increase in myocardial cell size r/t
endurance training
Pathologic hypertrophy would be secondary to disease such as HTN
Hyperplasia - ANSWER increase in number of cells
Compensatory hyperplasia would be the regeneration of liver cells when
70% of liver is removed
Pathologic hyperplasia would be seen in the endometrium
Metaplasia - ANSWER Replacement of different cells (think
metamorphosis)
Ex: normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have
been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells
Dysplasia - ANSWER Not a form of cellular adaptation
ATP - ANSWER Adenosine Triphosphate is energy that needs oxygen.
aerobic metabolism
What happens when there is a reduction in ATP? - ANSWER There is a
failure of the Na+ K+ pump and the Na+ Calcium exchange. This ultimately
leads to an intracellular accumulation of Na+ and Calcium and diffusion of
K+ out of the cell. When K+ leaves the cell, more Na+ and water go into the
cell which causes swelling
, What happens when oxygen reserves are depleted? - ANSWER
anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis)
Free radical - ANSWER An electrically uncharged atom(s) that has an
unpaired electron. Having one electron that is unpaired makes the atom
unstable so the atom either has to take an electron from another molecule
or give one away
What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomes during chemical injury? -
ANSWER
Ethanol - ANSWER Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde
which causes hepatic cellular dysfunction. Peroxisomes help to detoxify
ethanol. Without peroxisomes the ethanol is turned into fat in the liver
(fatty liver)
Muscular Atrophy - ANSWER aka Sarcopenia
Stiffness or rigidity of systems
Peripheral vascular resistance increases
Decreased production of HCL and delayed emptying of stomach
Decreased immune response
Effect of muscular atrophy on Na+ and K+ levels - ANSWER F&E: Total
body K+ concentration decreases r/t decreased cellular mass
An increased Na+/K+ ratio suggests that the decreased cellular mass is
accompanied by an increased extracellular compartment
What are the s/sx of dehydration (decreased perfusion) - ANSWER
headache, thirst, dry skin and mucous membranes, weight loss, decreased
or concentrated urine, tachycardia, weak pulses, postural hypotension
what triggers thirst - ANSWER osmoreceptors are activated by
Apoptosis - ANSWER programmed death such as inflammation
Necrosis - ANSWER cellular injury such as MI, hypoxia
Atrophy - ANSWER physiologic atrophy of the thymus gland in
childhood
Hypertrophy - ANSWER increase in cell size
Physiologic hypertrophy would be increase in myocardial cell size r/t
endurance training
Pathologic hypertrophy would be secondary to disease such as HTN
Hyperplasia - ANSWER increase in number of cells
Compensatory hyperplasia would be the regeneration of liver cells when
70% of liver is removed
Pathologic hyperplasia would be seen in the endometrium
Metaplasia - ANSWER Replacement of different cells (think
metamorphosis)
Ex: normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have
been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells
Dysplasia - ANSWER Not a form of cellular adaptation
ATP - ANSWER Adenosine Triphosphate is energy that needs oxygen.
aerobic metabolism
What happens when there is a reduction in ATP? - ANSWER There is a
failure of the Na+ K+ pump and the Na+ Calcium exchange. This ultimately
leads to an intracellular accumulation of Na+ and Calcium and diffusion of
K+ out of the cell. When K+ leaves the cell, more Na+ and water go into the
cell which causes swelling
, What happens when oxygen reserves are depleted? - ANSWER
anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis)
Free radical - ANSWER An electrically uncharged atom(s) that has an
unpaired electron. Having one electron that is unpaired makes the atom
unstable so the atom either has to take an electron from another molecule
or give one away
What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomes during chemical injury? -
ANSWER
Ethanol - ANSWER Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde
which causes hepatic cellular dysfunction. Peroxisomes help to detoxify
ethanol. Without peroxisomes the ethanol is turned into fat in the liver
(fatty liver)
Muscular Atrophy - ANSWER aka Sarcopenia
Stiffness or rigidity of systems
Peripheral vascular resistance increases
Decreased production of HCL and delayed emptying of stomach
Decreased immune response
Effect of muscular atrophy on Na+ and K+ levels - ANSWER F&E: Total
body K+ concentration decreases r/t decreased cellular mass
An increased Na+/K+ ratio suggests that the decreased cellular mass is
accompanied by an increased extracellular compartment
What are the s/sx of dehydration (decreased perfusion) - ANSWER
headache, thirst, dry skin and mucous membranes, weight loss, decreased
or concentrated urine, tachycardia, weak pulses, postural hypotension
what triggers thirst - ANSWER osmoreceptors are activated by
