study guide ivy tech APHY 101 final
Exam Questions & Answers(RATED A)
- ANSWER-
what are the parts of a long bone? - ANSWER-epiphysis and diaphysis
What is the epiphysis? - ANSWER-end of a long bone that articulates (forms a joint)
with another bone.
What is the diaphysis? - ANSWER-shaft of a long bone
What is the medullary cavity? - ANSWER-hollow chamber in diaphysis. marrow fills this
cavity
What is the periosteum? - ANSWER-a dense layer of vascular connective tissue
enclosing a bone
what is compact bone? - ANSWER-wall of the diaphysis mainly composed of tightly
packed tissue
what is spongy bone? - ANSWER-cancellous bone that largely composes the epiphysis
Describe the process of ossification - ANSWER-step one 1: cordlike and connects
muscles to bones; a broad sheet of dense connective tissue that connects muscles to
muscles
step 2: Long bones develop from rods of cartilage, some from membranes and some
from tendons.
step 3: Ossification occurs first in the cartilage rods, then in the epiphyses of long
bones.
,step 4: When the epiphysial cartilage has ossified (hardened), bone growth stops.
What is the epiphyseal plate? - ANSWER-as spongy bone is deposited in the diaphysis
and in the epiphysis, a band of cartilage will form
what are osteoclasts? - ANSWER-cells that break down bone
what are osteoblasts? - ANSWER-bone forming cells
what are the functions of the skeletal system? - ANSWER-support, protection,
movement, storage, blood cell formation
What is the axial skeleton? - ANSWER-skull, vertebral column, rib cage
What is the appendicular skeleton? - ANSWER-pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic
girdle, lower limbs
what are the steps of fracture repair? - ANSWER-1. Hematoma formation- blood
vessels, tissues in broken bone are torn resulting in a
Hematoma mass of clotted cells. Bone cells with no nutrition will die and area will
become irritated.
2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation- phagocytic cells invade the area and begin
cleaning up the debris.
3. Bone callus formation- about 1 week into repair, new bone begins to repair. This is
called a bony callus. This continues for about 3 months.
4. Bone remodeling- excess material removed, shaft was reconstructed.
,how are bones classified? - ANSWER-by shape
what are the shapes of bones? - ANSWER-long, short, flat, irregular
example of long bone - ANSWER-femur
example of short bones are - ANSWER-carpals and tarsals in the ankle and wrist
examples of flat bones - ANSWER-ribs, scapulae, and some bones of the skull
examples of irregular bones - ANSWER-facial bones, vertebrae
What is articular cartilage? - ANSWER-hyaline cartilage covering articular ends of the
bones
What is a joint capsule? - ANSWER-tissue that stops synovial fluid from escaping and
encloses and supports and holds the bones together.
what is a ligament? - ANSWER-Connects bone to bone and reinforce the joint capsule.
What is the synovial membrane? - ANSWER-inner layer of the joint capsule, covers all
of the surface within the joint capsule.
What is synovial fluid? - ANSWER-Lubricates and nourishes the cartilage covering the
bones at movable joints and contains macrophages the remove microbes and debris
from the joint cavity.
what is the menisci? - ANSWER-cushion the articulating surfaces and help distribute
body weight onto these surfaces
, what is the bursae? - ANSWER-fluid-filled sac that acts as a ball bearing to reduce
friction
what are the six different types of synovial joints? - ANSWER-1. Ball-and-socket joints
2. condylar/ellipsodial joint
3. plane/gliding joint
4. hinge joint
5. pivot/trochoid joint
6. saddle/sellar joint
define flexion - ANSWER-bending a joint
define extension - ANSWER-Straightening a body part
define hyper extension - ANSWER-increasing the angle beyond 180 degrees between
the bones of a joint (a back bend)
define dorsiflexion - ANSWER-movement at the ankle that moves the anterior portion of
the foot closer from the shin (rocking back on your heels)
define plantar flexion - ANSWER-movement at the ankle that moves the anterior portion
of the foot father from the shin (walking on your toes)
define abduction - ANSWER-moving away from the midline (lifting upper limb
horizontally to form an angle with the side of the body)
define adduction - ANSWER-moving towards the midline (returing upper limb from
horizontal position)
define rotation - ANSWER-moving a part around an axis (twisting head from side to
side)
Exam Questions & Answers(RATED A)
- ANSWER-
what are the parts of a long bone? - ANSWER-epiphysis and diaphysis
What is the epiphysis? - ANSWER-end of a long bone that articulates (forms a joint)
with another bone.
What is the diaphysis? - ANSWER-shaft of a long bone
What is the medullary cavity? - ANSWER-hollow chamber in diaphysis. marrow fills this
cavity
What is the periosteum? - ANSWER-a dense layer of vascular connective tissue
enclosing a bone
what is compact bone? - ANSWER-wall of the diaphysis mainly composed of tightly
packed tissue
what is spongy bone? - ANSWER-cancellous bone that largely composes the epiphysis
Describe the process of ossification - ANSWER-step one 1: cordlike and connects
muscles to bones; a broad sheet of dense connective tissue that connects muscles to
muscles
step 2: Long bones develop from rods of cartilage, some from membranes and some
from tendons.
step 3: Ossification occurs first in the cartilage rods, then in the epiphyses of long
bones.
,step 4: When the epiphysial cartilage has ossified (hardened), bone growth stops.
What is the epiphyseal plate? - ANSWER-as spongy bone is deposited in the diaphysis
and in the epiphysis, a band of cartilage will form
what are osteoclasts? - ANSWER-cells that break down bone
what are osteoblasts? - ANSWER-bone forming cells
what are the functions of the skeletal system? - ANSWER-support, protection,
movement, storage, blood cell formation
What is the axial skeleton? - ANSWER-skull, vertebral column, rib cage
What is the appendicular skeleton? - ANSWER-pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic
girdle, lower limbs
what are the steps of fracture repair? - ANSWER-1. Hematoma formation- blood
vessels, tissues in broken bone are torn resulting in a
Hematoma mass of clotted cells. Bone cells with no nutrition will die and area will
become irritated.
2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation- phagocytic cells invade the area and begin
cleaning up the debris.
3. Bone callus formation- about 1 week into repair, new bone begins to repair. This is
called a bony callus. This continues for about 3 months.
4. Bone remodeling- excess material removed, shaft was reconstructed.
,how are bones classified? - ANSWER-by shape
what are the shapes of bones? - ANSWER-long, short, flat, irregular
example of long bone - ANSWER-femur
example of short bones are - ANSWER-carpals and tarsals in the ankle and wrist
examples of flat bones - ANSWER-ribs, scapulae, and some bones of the skull
examples of irregular bones - ANSWER-facial bones, vertebrae
What is articular cartilage? - ANSWER-hyaline cartilage covering articular ends of the
bones
What is a joint capsule? - ANSWER-tissue that stops synovial fluid from escaping and
encloses and supports and holds the bones together.
what is a ligament? - ANSWER-Connects bone to bone and reinforce the joint capsule.
What is the synovial membrane? - ANSWER-inner layer of the joint capsule, covers all
of the surface within the joint capsule.
What is synovial fluid? - ANSWER-Lubricates and nourishes the cartilage covering the
bones at movable joints and contains macrophages the remove microbes and debris
from the joint cavity.
what is the menisci? - ANSWER-cushion the articulating surfaces and help distribute
body weight onto these surfaces
, what is the bursae? - ANSWER-fluid-filled sac that acts as a ball bearing to reduce
friction
what are the six different types of synovial joints? - ANSWER-1. Ball-and-socket joints
2. condylar/ellipsodial joint
3. plane/gliding joint
4. hinge joint
5. pivot/trochoid joint
6. saddle/sellar joint
define flexion - ANSWER-bending a joint
define extension - ANSWER-Straightening a body part
define hyper extension - ANSWER-increasing the angle beyond 180 degrees between
the bones of a joint (a back bend)
define dorsiflexion - ANSWER-movement at the ankle that moves the anterior portion of
the foot closer from the shin (rocking back on your heels)
define plantar flexion - ANSWER-movement at the ankle that moves the anterior portion
of the foot father from the shin (walking on your toes)
define abduction - ANSWER-moving away from the midline (lifting upper limb
horizontally to form an angle with the side of the body)
define adduction - ANSWER-moving towards the midline (returing upper limb from
horizontal position)
define rotation - ANSWER-moving a part around an axis (twisting head from side to
side)
