Life 103 Final Exam CSU (exam 1-3)Graded A Q&A Complete

Classification of organisms according to evolutionary relationships. - Answer-Phylogeny Evolutionary classification - Answer-Taxonomy Domain> Kingdom> Phylum> Class> Order> Family> Genus> Species (Did King Phillip Come Over For Grandma's Soup) [ex. Homo sapien](italicized) - Answer-Linnaean system of classification (taxonomy) Basal Group: Branch from oldest common ancestor, no other branch from species. Sister Taxa: Share common ancestor - Answer-Phylogeny relationships Comparing the structure of a body part or cell to infer a evolutionary relationship [Morphological and molecular homologies] (ex. Bones in a human hand to the bones in the fin of a whale) - Answer-Homologies Same function but with different structures between two species. (ex. bird wings and butterfly wings) - Answer-Anology Using shared characteristics of species to group into a heirarchy - Answer-Cladistics Simplest explanation (fewest evolutionary events) - Answer-Maximum Parsimony (Cladistics) Uses DNA sequencing. uses probability for different types of mutations to form the most likely phylogenetic tree - Answer-Maximum Likelihood (Cladistics) Characteristics of lineages change over timeAny combination of groups shares a common ancestor Bifurcating pattern of descent - Answer-Assumptions about Cladistics Allows us to estimate time since common ancestor. Needs a fossil record or sample of estimated AVERAGE rate of mutation accumulation to calibrate the molecular clock. - Answer-Molecular clock - Answer-Prokaryotes The movement of genes among individuals (same generation) - Answer-Horizontal Gene Transfer(HGT) 1. Transformation: uptake of foreign DNA 2. Transaction: Phages carry prokaryotic genes between cells; inject genes from donor into recipient. 3. Conjugation: DNA transferred between two cells that are temporarily joined (antibiotic resistance) - Answer-How does Horizontal Gene Transfer work Genetic Recombination (HGT) rapid reproduction and mutation - Answer-Prokaryotic lineage evolution and genetic diversity Membrane bound organelles Well developed cytoskeleton (Animals, Fungi, Plants, Protists) - Answer-Protists (Protista) Basal group of animalsLack of true tissues (sponges) - Answer-Porifera - Answer-Tissue development The blastula undergoes gastrulation (inversion [pushing in a flat soccer ball into itself]) to for the Gastula (2 layers) - Answer-Diploblastic development (Jellyfish, hydras) Diploblastic (two tissue layers) Jawless Two forms: -Medusozoans: Medusa and polyp form -Anthozoans: only polyp form - Answer-Cnidarians Characterized by their bilateral symmetry and they are triploblastic (Endoderm, Ectoderm, Mesoderm) Digestive tract with 2 opening (mouth and anus) -protostomes vs. deuterostomes - Answer-Clade Bilateria Protostomes: Mouth develops first (from the blastula) -Lophotrochozoa (sea snails) -Ecdysozoa (lobsters) Deuterostomes: Mouth develops second -Deuterostomia (fish) - Answer-Protostomes vs DeuterostomesSegmented bodies, hard exoskeleton, and joined appendages Jawless Deuterstomes (Chelicerates, Myriapods, and Pancrustations) - Answer-Arthropods (Sea spiders, horseshow carb, arachnids[spiders]) -Cephalothorax (fused head and thorax) and abdomen -No antennae -simple eyes - Answer-Chelicerates Many legs (Millipedes and centipedes) - Answer-Myriapods (Crabs, lobsters, shrimp) many pairs of specialized appendages - Answer-Pancrustaceans 4 characteristics: -Notochord -Dorsal, hollow nerve chord -Pharyngeal slits -Post-anal tail - Answer-Chordates Skeletal system and more complex nervous system - Answer-Vertebrates Basal vertebrates-Jawless -Rudimentary vertebrea (cartilage) - Answer-Hagfish and Lampreys Gnathostomes jaws and a mineralized skeleton (Chondrichthyes [Sharks], Actinopterygii [Bony fish], and tetrapods) -Lungs or derived lungs (besides sharks) [osteichthyes] - Answer-Jawed vertebrates 4 limbs derived from lobed fins (Amphibians, Amniotes, Reptiles, and Mammals) - Answer-Tetrapods (Salamanders, Frogs, and caecilians) Need moist conditions for eggs and aquatic larvae - Answer-Amphibia amniotic egg -has a shell or develops inside mother's body (slows dehydration) -allows for for more inland lifestyle (Birds Reptiles, some mammals [monotremes]) - Answer-Amniotes Eggs with hard scales made of keratin laided on land Besides birds, all reptiles are exothermic -relies on environment to regulate body temperature -birds are endothermic - Answer-Reptiles (and Birds)Endothermic with efficient respitory and circular systems and a diaphram Derivied characters: -milk and hair -Differentiated teeth (Monotremes, Marsupials and Eutherians) - Answer-Mammals Lay eggs - Answer-Monotremes Share derived characters not found in Monotremes: -Nipples -Birth living young -Placenta (Marsupials: Born early in development) - Answer-Marsupials and Eutherians -diffusion to exchange materials with environment -gas exchange - input of food, output of waste -Thermoregulation (Balancing heat loss and gain) --Increase or decrease heat transfer in one direction - Answer-Animal exchange with environment Regulators: uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation Conformers: allows internal conditions to change in accordance with external change - AnswerRegulators and conformersNegative feedback: A control mechanism that reduces the stimulus (more common) (ex. exercise increases body heat, nervous system detects this and triggers sweat to decrease body temperature) Positive feedback: Amplifies stimulus - Answer-Negative and Positive feedback loops Peripheral Vasoconstriction/vasodialation: reduces blood flow/ increases blood flow Counter current exchange: blood from heart reheats blood going back to the heart Evaporation (ex. sweating) Behavioral adaptions: animal moves towards the sun to heat up and away to cool down. - AnswerAdaptations for heat balance in animals -Essential Amino acids (20, humans can't make 8) --Makes Proteins -Essential fatty acids -- Required to synthesize cell components -Vitamins -Minerals - Answer-Essential nutrients 1. Ingestion 2. Digestion 3. Absorption 4. Elimination - Answer-Stages of food processing Process of breaking down food into molecules small enough to absorb-Mechanical: increases surface area of food (ex. Chewing) -Chemical: breaking down food into simpler nutrients that can be used by cells - Answer-Digestion Intracellular: food vacuoles break down food (simplest form of digestion) Extracellular: Breakdown of food in compartments that are continuous with the outside of the body -Gastrovascular cavity: single opening -Alimentary canal: complete digestive tract - Answer-Intracellular vs Extracellular digestion 1. Oral cavity -chewing breaks down food and mixes with saliva to make bolus --Saliva is made of Amylase (enzymes) and mucus 2. Chemical digestion in the stomach -Stomach secretes gastric juices that mix with the bolus to form chyme - Gastric juice --HCl: denatures protein folds --Pepsin: breaks proteins into smaller polypeptides 3. Chemical digestion in the small intestine -Chyme mixes with digestive juices form the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder - Answer-Steps of digestion The small intestine is lined with Villi and Micro villi that absorb molecules for cell use. Food sent to large intestine, colon reabsorbs water, leaving feces that is sent to the rectum and eliminated out the anus - Answer-Fate and transport of digested food -Carnivores have expandable stomachs-Herbivorous/Omnivores have longer alimentary canals because plants are harder to digest -Mutualistic: Intestinal bacteria produce vitamins and digest what out body cannot (ex. plant cell walls) - Answer-Adaptations for digestion Transport of blood to cells in the body -provides nutrient exchange (digestion) -Provides gas exchange (respiration) - Answer-Circulatory system