AP BIOLOGY EXAM 2024 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

AP BIOLOGY EXAM 2024 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Water characteristics - Correct Answer ️️ -polar, cohesion (hold together), adhesion (hold to another substance), surface tension, specific heat, heat of vaporization Surface Tension - Correct Answer ️️ -A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid Specific Heat - Correct Answer ️️ -amount of heat absorbed or lost to change temperature by 1C Heat of Vaporization - Correct Answer ️️ -the quantity of heat required to convert 1 from liquid to gas Water polarity - Correct Answer ️️ -uneven sharing of electrons that produces a negative charge near the oxygen atom and positive charges near each hydrogen atom Water properties - Correct Answer ️️ -solvent, cohesive, thermal Organic Chemistry - Correct Answer ️️ -the study of carbon compounds Hydroxyl - Correct Answer ️️ -OH-, alcohol/ethanol Carbonyl - Correct Answer ️️ -C=O, aldehyde, keytone Carboxyl - Correct Answer ️️ -O=C-OH, carboxylic acid as in acetic acid Amino - Correct Answer ️️ -H-N-H, amine as in tryptophan Sulfhydryl - Correct Answer ️️ -R-SH four organic compounds - Correct Answer ️️ -carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids Monosaccharides - Correct Answer ️️ -glucose, fructose, galactose Disaccharides - Correct Answer ️️ -sucrose, lactose, maltose Polysaccharides - Correct Answer ️️ -glycogen, starch, cellulose Glycogen - Correct Answer ️️ -storage polysaccharide form of glucose in animals Starch - Correct Answer ️️ -storage polysaccharide form of glucose in plants Cellulose - Correct Answer ️️ -Carbohydrate component of plant cell walls. Condensation v. Hydrolysis - Correct Answer ️️ -Condensation: anabolic, water out Hydrolysis: catabolic, water in Protein (condensation/hydrolysis) - Correct Answer ️️ -Amino acid ---> dipeptide ---> polypeptide Carbohydrates (condensation/hydrolysis) - Correct Answer ️️ -Monosaccharide ---> Disaccharide ---> Polysaccharide Glycosidic bond - Correct Answer ️️ -bond formed by a dehydration reaction between two monosaccharides (+ water in product) 2 families of nitrogenous bases - Correct Answer ️️ -pyrimidines and purines Complementary base pairing - Correct Answer ️️ -A & T = 2 hydrogen bonds C & G = 3 hydrogen bonds DNA Structure - Correct Answer ️️ -Phosphodiester: between phosphates & sugars Covalent: between sugar & base pair Hydrogen: between base pairs Protein Structure - Correct Answer ️️ -amino group-r side chain-carboxyl group Primary - Correct Answer ️️ -amino acid sequence, peptide bonds Secondary - Correct Answer ️️ -representing local structure, held by H+ bonds Tertiary - Correct Answer ️️ -folding of a single protein Quaternary - Correct Answer ️️ -protein complex Two forms of proteins - Correct Answer ️️ -globular (insoluble, structural) and fibrous (soluble, functional) Fibrous proteins - Correct Answer ️️ -long, insoluble, structural proteins (keratin, elastin) Globular proteins - Correct Answer ️️ -chunk, soluble (amylase, insulin, hemoglobin, immunoglobin, transport pumps) Anabolic reactions - Correct Answer ️️ -build complex molecules from simpler ones, endergonic, biosynthetic (example: photosynthesis) Catabolic reactions - Correct Answer ️️ -breakdown of molecules, exergonic, degradative (example: cellular respiration) First Law of Thermodynamics - Correct Answer ️️ -Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. Second Law of Thermodynamics - Correct Answer ️️ -Every energy transfer makes the universe more disordered = increases entropy Free energy - Correct Answer ️️ -amount of energy available to do work...ΔG =ΔH−TΔS ΔG (Gibbs) - Correct Answer ️️ -change in free energy ΔH (enthalpy) - Correct Answer ️️ -change in total energy ΔS - Correct Answer ️️ -change in entropy T - Correct Answer ️️ -temperature in K ΔG =ΔH−TΔS - Correct Answer ️️ -tells us the difference between total energy (enthalpy) and energy not available for doing work Exergonic - Correct Answer ️️ -Chemical reactions that release energy Endergonic - Correct Answer ️️ -Chemical reactions that absorb energy Energy of Activation - Correct Answer ️️ -the amount of energy a molecule requires in order to activate a rx(enzymes lower activation energy) Substrate - Correct Answer ️️ -substance that binds to an enzyme Active Site - Correct Answer ️️ -the specific "groove" of an enzyme in which the substrate fits Inhibitor - Correct Answer ️️ -chemical which inactivates an enzyme Denaturation - Correct Answer ️️ -a structural change in a protein that results in a permanent loss of biological properties (enzyme = non-functiona