Test Bank: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

A report comes back indicating that muscular atrophy has occurred. A nurse recalls that muscular atrophy involves a decrease in muscle cell... - correct answer -size During childhood, the thymus decreases in size, and this is referred to as __________ atrophy. - correct answer -physiologic -physiologic atrophy is a normal decrease in cell size When planning care for a cardiac patient, the nurse knows that in response to an increased workload, cardiac myocardial cells will: - correct answer -increase in size -organ cells respond to increased workload by increasing in size, such as a muscle when it is exercised A 55-year old male with a 30-year history of smoking is examined for respiratory disturbance. Examination of his airway reveals that stratified squamous epithelial cells have replaced the normal columnar ciliated cells. This type of cellular adaptation is called: - correct answer -metaplasia -metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another, sometimes a less differentiated cell type When planning care for the pregnant patient, the nurse will recall that the mammary glands enlarge as a consequence of: - correct answer -hormonal hyperplasia -an increase in the mammary glands during pregnancy is the result of hormonal changes; the number if mammary cells increases in response to increased hormone levels A 24-year old female presents with excessive menstrual bleeding. The physician identified endometrial changes that are due to hormonal imbalances. These cellular changes would be referred to as: - correct answer -pathologic hyperplasia -because the changes are due to an imbalance, they would be considered pathologic hyperplasia A 55-year old male is diagnosed with hepatocellular cancer secondary to hepatitis C. If the cancerous region of the liver were removed, the remaining cells would undergo: - correct answer -compensatory hyperplasia -compensatory hyperplasia is an adaptive mechanism that enables certain organs to regenerate A 40-year-old female is diagnosed with cervical cancer after a pap smear. What cellular changes would the nurse most likely see on the report? - correct answer -dysplasia -when cervical cells become cancerous, they have undergone dysplasia, a change in size and shape of cells A 75-year-old male presents with chest pain on exertion. The chest pain is most likely due to hypoxic injury secondary to: - correct answer -ischemia -the cardiac cells are deprived of oxygen leading to ischemia, a reduction in blood supply to tissues A patient has a heart attack that leads to progressive cell injury that causes cell death with severe cell swelling and breakdown of organelles. What term would the nurse use to define this process? - correct answer -necrosis -necrosis is the sum of cellular changes after local cell death Sodium and water accumulation in an injured cell are a direct result of: - correct answer -decreased ATP production -a reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's Na/K pump and Na/Ca exchange to fail; sodium and water can then enter the cell freely The early dilation of a cell's endoplasmic reticulum results in: - correct answer -reduced protein synthesis -early dilation of the ER causes the ribosomes to detach from the rough ER, reducing protein synthesis A 52-year-old male suffered a myocardial infarction secondary to atherosclerosis and ischemia. Once the oxygen returned to the damaged heart, reperfusion injury occurred as a result of: - correct answer -free radical formation -reperfusion injury results from free radicals that cause further membrane damage and mitochondrial calcium overload A family presents to their primary care provider reporting headache, nausea, weakness, and vomiting. What is most likely the explanation for these symptoms? - correct answer -carbon monoxide poisoning -symptoms related to carbon monoxide poisoning include headache, giddiness, tinnitus, nausea, weakness, and vomiting A common pathway of irreversible cell injury involves increased intracellular: - correct answer -calcium -irreversible cellular injury is due to increased intracellular calcium and loss of calcium steady state A 50-year-old male sustained a closed head injury as a result of a motor vehicle accident. CT scan revealed a collection of blood between the inner surface of the dura mater and the surface of the brain. What type of injury will the nurse be caring for? - correct answer -subdural hematoma -a subdural hematoma occurs when blood is between the inner surface of the dura mater and the surface of the brain; it can result from blows, falls, or sudden acceleration/deceleration of the head A 20-year-old male presents to the emergency department with a jagged sharp-force injury that is longer that it is deep. What type of wound will the nurse be caring for? - correct answer -incised wound -an incised wound is a cut that is longer than it is deep A 30-year-old female presents with a gunshot would to the head. The wound has seared edges and a deep penetration of smoke and gunpowder. This wound would be documented as a(n) _____________ wound. - correct answer -contact range entrance -contact range entrance wound is a distinctive type of wound where the gun is held so tje muzzle rests on or presses into the skin surface; in addition to the hole, there is a searing the edges of the wound from flame and soot or smoke A 15-year-old female presents to the ER following a physical assault. She has internal damage to the neck with deep bruising. X-ray reveals fractures of the hyoid bone and tracheal and cricoid cartilage. What is most likely the cause of her injuries? - correct answer -manual strangulation -squeezing of the neck as with strangulation would fracture the hyoid bone